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Nanosystem approaches for mRNA delivery. There are six major kinds of nanoparticles (NPs) used as delivery systems for mRNA cancer vaccines: including lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), hybrid NPs, polymer NPs, gold NP–DNA oligonucleotide conjugates (AuNP–DNA conjugates), mRNA-loaded exosomes, and polypeptide NPs. In these systems, the mRNA has the same structure as endogenous eukaryotic mRNA with the five basic elements described herein.
