Table 1.
Positive effects of graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) in plants.
| Plant Species. | Type of GFNs | Concentration (mg/L) |
Exposure Duration | Growth Environment and Application Mode | Effects and Phenotype | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinus tabuliformis Carr. | GO | 12.5, 25, and 50 | 180 days | Soil (irrigation) | Promote root growth with the best efficiency at 25 mg/L | [39] |
| Aloe vera L. | GO | 10, 20, 50, and 100 | 120 days | Soil (irrigation) | Promote shoot and root growth with the best efficiency at 50 mg/L | [45] |
| elm (Ulmus pumila L.) | GO | 50 | 60 days | Soil (irrigation) | Promote shoot and root growth | [46] |
| Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) | GO | 50 and 200 | 30 days | Soil (irrigation) | Accelerate seed germination and increase the biomass at 50 mg/L |
[9] |
| Chive (Allium schoenoprasum) | GO | 50 | 45 days | Soil (irrigation) | Accelerate seed germination | [9] |
| Maize (Zea mays) | GO | 20, 25, 50, and 100 | 30 days | Soil (irrigation) | Promote the growth of shoot and root | [47] |
| GO | 25, 50, 100, and 200 | 14 days | Soil (irrigation) | Promote the growth of shoot and root | [61] | |
| Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv.) | GO | 50, 100, and 200 | 30 days | Soil (irrigation) | Increase the root fresh weight and dry weight with the best efficiency at 100 mg/L | [41] |
| Graphene | 40 | 10 and 18 days | Water (hydroponic culture on cotton) | Accelerated seed germination at the initial 4 days; promote shoot and root elongation but reduce the total fresh weight after 18 days treatment | [30] | |
| Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) | Graphene | 50 and 200 | 4 and 7 days | Growth medium and soil (irrigation) | Graphene could accelerate seed germination in growth medium and promote shoot and root growth in soil with the best efficiency at 200 mg/L | [42] |
| Vinca (Catharanthus roseus) | Graphene | 50 and 200 | 4, 28, and 140 days | Growth medium and soil (irrigation) | Accelerate seed germination (4th day) in growth medium; promote shoot and root growth and amplify the biomass (28th day), increase flower number (140th day) in soil | [42] |
| Coriander (Coriandrum sativam L.), Garlic (Allium sativum) | GQD | 200 | 3 h | Soil (Seed soaking) | Enhance the growth rate of leaf, root, shoot, and flower | [48] |
| Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) | GO, L-GO, M-GO |
20 | 165 days | Soil under saline conditions (foliar applications) | Increase the height and weight of plant under salt stress | [60] |
| Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) | Modified graphene | 0.5%, 1%, and 2% (w/w). | 40 days | Soil (mixed with the matrix) | Increase the fresh weight and dry weight of leaf at low concentration (0.5%), but decrease both at high concentration (2%) | [62] |
| Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) | GO | 0.1, 1, and 10 | 24 and 30 days | MS solid medium | Increase the flower bud number | [52] |
| Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) | FLG | 50 and 100 | 30 days | MS solid medium | Promote callus cell culture growth at 50 mg/L, | [49] |
| FLG | 50 and 100 | 10 and 20 days | MS solid medium | Accelerate seed germination and promote root growth at 50 and 100 mg/L | [49] | |
| GO | 20 | 20 and 35 days | Water (hydroponic culture on sponge) | Increase adventitious root number and root fresh weight (35th day), but inhibit seminal root growth (20th day) | [63] | |
| Apple (Malus domestica) | GO | 0.1, 1, and 10 | 40 days | 1/2 MS solid medium | Increase the number of adventitious roots and the rooting rate at 0.1 and 1 mg/L | [64] |
| Betula pubescens | GO | 0.00075, 0.0015, 0.003, 0.006, and 0.015 | 45 days | MS solid medium | Increase shoot length and leave number of microclone at 1.5 and 3 μg/L | [65] |
| Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) | GO | 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 | NA | Water (hydroponic culture on filter paper) | Accelerate seed germination and promote root growth at 800 mg/L | [66,67] |
| Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | SGO | 50, 250, and 500 | 72 h | Hoagland solution (hydroponic culture) | Increase the relative growth rate of leaves at 50 and 250 mg/L | [50] |
| G-NH2 | 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 | 1, 3, and 9 days | Water (hydroponic culture) | Accelerate seed germination (1th day) and promote the growth of shoot and root (9th day) at 1 and 2 mg/L | [43] | |
| HGR | 200 | 5 days | Water (hydroponic culture) | Accelerate age seed germination and increase root length, root number and root fresh weight | [51] | |
| Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) | GO | 10 | Once a week for 1 month | Inject the GO solution directly into the stem | Increase the perimeter of watermelon | [52] |
| Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) | GO | 30 and 60 | 30 min | 1/4 Hoagland nutrient solution (foliar applications) | Promote root growth | [68] |
GO (graphene oxide), GQD (Graphene quantum dots), MS (Murashige and Skoog), FLG (few-layered graphene), RGO (reduced graphene oxide), L-GO (lysine@graphene oxide), M-GO (methionine@graphene oxide), SGO (sulfonated graphene oxide), G-NH2 (amine-functionalized graphene oxide), HGR (hydrated graphene ribbon), RGR (relative growth rate). NA means the related information is not provided.