Table 2.
Negative effects of GFNs in plants.
| Plant Species | Type of GFNs | Concentration (mg/L) | Exposure Duration | Growth Environment and Application Mode | Effects and Phenotype | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) |
Graphene | 500, 1000, and 2000 | 20 days | Hoagland liquid medium (hydroponic culture) | Inhibit root and shoot growth | [53] |
| Rice (N22) | GO | 2, 5, 7, and 10 | 1 and 16 days | Water (hydroponic culture on filter paper) | Inhibit seed germination and decrease the indexes of morphology (root length, stem length, adventitious number, and fresh weight) at 10 mg/L | [44] |
| Rice (9311) | Graphene | 5, 50, 100, and 200 | 16 days | Water (hydroponic culture on filter paper) | Inhibit the indexes of morphology (root length, stem length, adventitious number, fresh weight and root cap ratio) at 100 and 200 mg/L | [54] |
| Rice (Oryza. sativa L.) | Graphene, GO and RGO | 5, 50, 100, and 250 | 21 days | 1/4 Hoagland liquid medium (hydroponic culture) | GO reduced shoot biomass and shoot elongation at 100 and 250 mg/L, while RGO exhibited no obvious effect | [55] |
| Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | GO | 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 | 1, 3, and 9 days | Water (hydroponic culture) | Inhibit the growth of shoot and root at 0.5, 1 and 2 g/L | [43] |
| GO | 40, 200, 400, 800, and 2000 | 7 and 15 days | Hoagland nutrient solution (hydroponic culture) | Inhibit shoot and root growth at 0.8 and 2 g/L | [25] | |
| Graphene | 500, 1000, and 2000 | 10 days | Water (hydroponic culture) | Inhibit root and shoot growth | [56] | |
| Brassica napus L. | GO | 5 and 25 | 10 days | Water solution on sponge | Inhibit root growth at 25 mg/L | [57,58] |
| GO | 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 | 15 days | Inhibit root growth, root fresh weight, and adventitious root number at 25, 50, and 100 mg/L | [59] | ||
| faba bean (Vicia faba L.) | GO | 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 | NA | Water (hydroponic culture) | Inhibit seed germination and root growth at 0.1, 0.2, and 1.6 g/L | [66,67] |
| Apple (Malus domestica) | GO | 0.1, 1, and 10 | 40 days | 1/2 MS solid medium | Inhibit the adventitious root length and the number of lateral roots | [64] |
| Betula pubescens | GO | 0.00075, 0.0015, 0.003, 0.006, and 0.015 | 45 days | MS solid medium | Reduce shoot height of microclones at 15 μg/L | [65] |
GO (graphene oxide), RGO (reduced graphene oxide), MS (Murashige and Skoog).