| Active reagents |
Ion exchange resins, sorbents such as activated carbon or spinel-type materials |
Ion exchange membranes, porous and nonporous membranes, asymmetrical with active thin layer |
Thermal energy from sun light |
| Time |
12–24 h |
12–24 h |
>45 days |
| Temperature |
25 °C |
25 °C |
Depends on the region of evaporation (25–35 °C) |
| Disadvantages |
Sorption and desorption operation are required; batch operation; column package consumes a lot of resin (>0.5 kg); pretreatment is required |
Fouling of membranes; stack of member to be effective; costs of membranes; required the separation and concentration nexus; pretreatment is required; required driven forces |
Long-lasting process; small amount of brine rich in Li+ salts; low selective method |
| Advantages |
Flexibility of application depends on the type of resin; high selective; long-lasting time of using |
High selectivity; continuous operations; flexibility of application |
High concentrations of Li salts are obtained |
