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. 2022 Mar 13;14(3):592. doi: 10.3390/v14030592

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Flavonoids and their mechanisms of action against EBV and KSHV during the lytic reactivation stage of the life cycle. The blunt-end arrows indicate inhibition/downregulation. EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; F, flavonoids (luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), apigenin-7-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl (1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG, 3), protoapigenone (4), protoapigenone 1′-O-isopropyl ether (5), apigenin (6), and hesperetin (7)); HIF1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; JNKs/c-Jun, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases/c-Jun; KSHV, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; LMP1, latent membrane protein 1; MAPKs/wt-p53, mitogen-activated protein kinases/wild-type p53; Rta, replication and transcription activator; Zta, an immediate-early gene.