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. 2022 Mar 23;13:20417314221083414. doi: 10.1177/20417314221083414

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© The Author(s) 2022

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 4. — Application of stem cell transplantation in olfactory dysfunction and the regenerative effects of cell-based therapeutics.

AD-MSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BM-MSCs: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; NGF: nerve growth factor; NSCs: neural stem cells; OE: olfactory epithelium; OECs: olfactory ensheathing cells; OMP: olfactory marker protein; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor beta 1.