Table 3.
Stem cell therapies used to treat olfactory dysfunctions.
| Material | Application | Measured parameters | Strengths & Defects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BM-MSCs | TX-100 induced anosmic rat | Behavioral test (food finding test), histologic changes of olfactory epithelium, mRNA level of NGF and BDNF | - Proposed BM-MSC as new potential therapeutic modality for anosmia - Lacks mechanism study - Clinical application can be limited due to invasive direct injection method. |
Jo et al. 120 |
| TX-100 induced anosmic rat | Histological changes of olfactory epithelium, western blot of NGF | - Proposed BM-MSC as new potential therapeutic modality for anosmia - Lacks mechanism study, no behavioral test was performed - Clinical application can be limited due to invasive direct injection method. |
Kwon et al. 121 | |
| Ad-MSCs | Dichlobenil induced anosmic mice | Histologic changes of olfactory epithelium, EOG on mice olfactory mucosa | - Suggest the possibility of a future central role in regenerative medicine for ADSCs - Lacks mechanism study - Clinical application can be limited due to invasive direct injection method. - No behavioral test was performed. |
Franceschini et al. 122 |
| HSC | Dichlobenil induced anosmia mice | Histologic changes of olfactory epithelium. | - First evidence that transplanted HSCs migrating to the olfactory epithelium and contribute to epithelial restoration. - Lacks mechanism study - Clinical application can be limited due to invasive direct injection method. - No behavioral test was performed. |
Franceschini et al. 123 |
| NSCs | 3-MI induced anosmic mice | Behavioral test (food finding test), histologic analyses on olfactory epithelium, western blot of olfactory epithelium (OMP, α-tubulin) | - Evaluated both functional and histologic recovery of anosmic mice - Non-invasive (intranasal) injection of NSCs - Lacks mechanism study. |
Lee et al. 124 |
| OSCs | Ift88 gene deleted hyposmia mice | Histologic changes of olfactory epithelium, EOG on mice olfactory mucosa | - Proposed OSCs as new potential therapeutic modality for hyposmia - Non-invasive (intranasal) injection of OSCs - Recover of sensory losses in olfactory tissues - Study on human-derived OSCs need to be investigated. |
Kurtenbach et al. 125 |
Ad-MSC: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell; BDNF: brain derived neurotrophic factor; BM-MSC: bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell; EOG: electroolfactogram; HSC: human cord blood-selected CD133+ stem cell; NGF: nerve growth factor; NSC: neural stem cell; OMP: olfactory marker protein; OSC: olfactory stem cell; TX-100: triton X-100.