Table 1.
General characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Total Participants | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low PA (n = 58,620) |
Moderate PA (n = 58,620) |
High PA (n = 58,620) |
p-Value | |
| Age (years old, n, %) | 1.000 | |||
| 50–54 | 4370 (7.5) | 4370 (7.5) | 4370 (7.5) | |
| 55–59 | 8419 (14.4) | 8419 (14.4) | 8419 (14.4) | |
| 60–64 | 12,257 (20.9) | 12,257 (20.9) | 12,257 (20.9) | |
| 65–69 | 11,545 (19.7) | 11,545 (19.7) | 11,545 (19.7) | |
| 70–74 | 14,223 (24.3) | 14,223 (24.3) | 14,223 (24.3) | |
| 75–79 | 5241 (8.9) | 5241 (8.9) | 5241 (8.9) | |
| 80–84 | 2275 (3.9) | 2275 (3.9) | 2275 (3.9) | |
| 85+ | 290 (0.5) | 290 (0.5) | 290 (0.5) | |
| Gender (n, %) | 1.000 | |||
| Men | 7046 (12.0) | 7046 (12.0) | 7046 (12.0) | |
| Women | 51,574 (88.0) | 51,574 (88.0) | 51,574 (88.0) | |
| Income within household unit (n, %) | 1.000 | |||
| 1 (lowest) | 11,563 (19.7) | 11,563 (19.7) | 11,563 (19.7) | |
| 2 | 10,873 (18.6) | 10,873 (18.6) | 10,873 (18.6) | |
| 3 | 13,467 (23.0) | 13,467 (23.0) | 13,467 (23.0) | |
| 4 | 12,522 (21.4) | 12,522 (21.4) | 12,522 (21.4) | |
| 5 (highest) | 10,195 (17.4) | 10,195 (17.4) | 10,195 (17.4) | |
| Region of residence (n, %) | 1.000 | |||
| Urban | 25,523 (43.5) | 25,523 (43.5) | 25,523 (43.5) | |
| Rural | 33,097 (56.5) | 33,097 (56.5) | 33,097 (56.5) | |
| Total cholesterol level (mg/dL, mean, SD) | 197.9 (44.1) | 197.2 (40.1) | 196.8 (39.0) | 0.002 * |
| SBP (mmHg, mean, SD) | 126.5 (16.0) | 125.7 (15.3) | 125.6 (15.1) | <0.001 * |
| DBP (mmHg, mean, SD) | 76.5 (9.9) | 76.1 (9.6) | 75.9 (9.5) | <0.001 * |
| Fasting blood glucose level (mg/dL, mean, SD) | 102.4 (27.3) | 100.7 (22.8) | 100.6 (22.4) | <0.001 * |
| Obesity 1 (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| Underweight | 2433 (4.2) | 2022 (3.5) | 1526 (2.6) | |
| Normal | 21,127 (36.0) | 22,246 (38.0) | 22,883 (39.0) | |
| Overweight | 13,857 (23.6) | 15,003 (25.6) | 15,651 (26.7) | |
| Obese I | 18,274 (31.2) | 17,275 (29.5) | 16,898 (28.8) | |
| Obese II | 2929 (5.0) | 2074 (3.5) | 1662 (2.8) | |
| Smoking status (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| Nonsmoker | 52,333 (89.3) | 52,950 (90.3) | 53,580 (91.4) | |
| Past smoker | 3000 (5.1) | 3372 (5.8) | 3327 (5.7) | |
| Current smoker | 3287 (5.6) | 2298 (3.9) | 1713 (2.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| <1 time a week | 51,745 (88.3) | 51,022 (87.0) | 50,725 (86.5) | |
| ≥1 time a week | 6875 (11.7) | 7598 (13.0) | 7895 (13.5) | |
| CCI score (n, %) | <0.001 * | |||
| 0 | 35,109 (59.9) | 38,616 (65.9) | 39,930 (68.1) | |
| 1 | 9807 (16.7) | 9107 (15.5) | 8552 (14.6) | |
| ≥2 | 13,704 (23.4) | 10,897 (18.6) | 10,138 (17.3) | |
| Osteoporotic fxs (n, %) | ||||
| Vertebral fx | 12,787 (21.8) | 6233 (10.6) | 4042 (6.9) | <0.001 * |
| Hip fx | 2048 (3.5) | 984 (1.7) | 687 (1.2) | <0.001 * |
| Distal radius fx | 8119 (13.9) | 4229 (7.2) | 2991 (5.1) | <0.001 * |
CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; fx, fracture; PA, physical activity; SBP, systolic blood pressure. * Kruskal–Wallis test. Significance at <0.05 with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05/3). 1 Obesity (BMI, body mass index, kg/m2) was categorized as <18.5 (underweight), ≥18.5 to <23 (normal), ≥23 to <25 (overweight), ≥25 to <30 (obese I), and ≥30 (obese II).