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. 2022 Mar 20;13(3):481. doi: 10.3390/mi13030481

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Acoustic-actuated microrobots for microfluidic operation. (A) Configuration of the acoustics-based bi-directional micropump device. (a) Experimental device structure; (b,c) acoustic microstreaming flow induced by different sized bubbles; (d,e) The velocity of particle movement in the microchannel. The actuation voltage is 5 Vpp and the frequencies are 24 kHz and 19 kHz, respectively. (B) A typical phenomenon of acoustic streaming produced by a sharp-edge structure in the microfluidic device. (C) Different structures of IDT. (D) Working schematic diagram of microstirrer. Reproduced with permission from Refs. [81,82,83,87], respectively.