Figure 1.

Potential causal pathway analysis between bodily pain and the occurrence of cognitive impairment among community-dwelling older adults. Values are expressed as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. The models were adjusted for gender, marital status, alcohol drinking, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and eGFR by using logistic regression analyses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. * = statistically significant.