Skip to main content
. 2022 Feb 25;14(3):506. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030506

Table 1.

Studies using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for magnetic hyperthermia treatment in cancer.

MNP
(Particle Size) + Surface Modification		 Treatment + Cancer Model Results Ref
SPIONs
(250 nm) were coated with targeted CXCR4.		 Treatment: 869 kHz and 20 kA·m−1 for the first 30 min of the experiment, followed by another 30 min at 554 kHz, and 24 kA·m−1.
Cancer model: glioblastoma (LN229) and normal kidney cells (HK-2). 		In vitro, the targeted treatment conjugated with MH strategy showed a lethal outcome of, approximately, 100% for LN229 cancer cells after 72 h of treatment. The safety profile of NPs was confirmed by the minimal cytotoxicity observed in control group (JK cells—HK-2 cell line). [82]
IONPs
(not specified) were coated with DMSA and conjugated with Gem and the pseudo-peptide NucAnt (N6L).		 Treatment: H = 15.4 kA m−1; f = 435 kHz.
Cancer model: pancreatic cancer model (BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cancer cell lines).
Athymic nude mice were subcutaneously injected with 2 × 106 BxPC-3 cells. 		Combined chemotherapy and treatment with NPs-based MH showed increased cytotoxicity and cell death in vitro
(~90% of viable cells compared to approximately 10% when no MH was applied).
In vivo, Gem MNPs and the hyperthermia therapy managed to cause an almost complete tumor remission in mice xenografts (at day 28) when compared to the groups receiving only the mono-modal MNP therapy or just the hyperthermia.		 [83]
IONPs
(46 nm).
Fe3O4@Au MNPs were prepared and loaded with C225.		 Treatment: I = 30 A; f = 230 kHz.
Cancer model: glioblastoma cancer model (U251 cancer cell line).
Male and female Balb/c nu/nu nude mice were subcutaneously injected with 2 × 106 U251 cells.		 The combined triple therapy decreased, in vitro, cell viability with a high rate of apoptosis via caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 expression upregulation.
In vivo, a significant tumor growth inhibition (approximately 95% of tumor remission) was measured compared to the control groups.		 [84]
SPIONs
(100 nm) were modified with
anti-CD44 antibody.		 Treatment: I = 50 A; f = 237 kHz.
Cancer model: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma stem cells model (Cal-27 cancer cell line).
Male Balb/c nude mice were subcutaneously injected with 5 × 107 Cal-27 cells. 		CD44-SPIONPs exhibited good biocompatibility and a programmed cell death in cancer stem cells after an AMF application. In vivo, 33.43% of tumor growth inhibition was observed on the treated group. [85]
225Ac SPIONs
(10 nm) were attached the attachment of CEPA and transtuzumab to the surface.		 Treatment: magnetic flux density from 100 to 300 G and frequency range of 386–633 kHz.
Cancer model: ovarian cancer model (SKOV-3 cancer cell line).		 225Ac@Fe3O4-CEPA-trastuzumab showed a high cytotoxic effect towards SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells expressing the HER2 receptor, in vitro. [17]

IONPs: iron oxide nanoparticles; DMSA: dimercaptosuccinic acid; C225: cetuximab; MNPs: magnetic nanoparticles; Gem: gemcitabine; SPIONs: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; AMF: alternating magnetic field; MH: magnetic hyperthermia; 225Ac: actinium-225; CEPA: 3-phosphonopropionic acid; NPs: nanoparticles; CXCR4: chemokine cell surface receptor 4.