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. 2022 Mar 21;23(6):3391. doi: 10.3390/ijms23063391

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Dry mass content in bacterial cellulose composites produced by K. hansenii H3 (6Et), K. rhaeticus K4 (8Et), and the strain isolated from balsamic vinegar (12Et). (a) BNC/CP, (b) BNC/AP, (c) BNC/WS, (d) BNC/PVA, and (e) BNC/PEG. Statistically significant differences were calculated using a one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison post-hoc test and are shown as * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p ≤ 0.001 and **** = p ≤ 0.0001, as compared to control (native) membranes. (B) Composites synthesized by the 6th strain: (a) BNC/CP and (b) BNC/AP with visible heterogenous streaks formed by pectins, (c) more loose, gelatinous BNC/WS films, (d) BNC/PVA and (e) BNC/PEG with compact, homogeneous structure and visible layer of added compounds.