Figure 3.

The impact of helminths on NF-κB activity and outcomes. (A) B. malayi infection results in decreased NF-κB activity and induces M₂ and eventually M_reg macrophages, while patients with lymphatic pathology show increased angiogenesis associated with NF-κB activation. H. polygyrus induces semi-maturation of DCs and induces Th₂ and regulatory events through modulation of NF-κB activity. Products released by T. spiralis affect NF-κB activity in LPS-activated macrophages, significantly reducing proinflammatory cytokine production. (B) T. solium larval antigens activate the NF-κB pathway in monocytes inducing chemokine release. M. corti antigens inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory phenotypes in microglia cells via NF-κB modulation. (C) F. hepatica tegumental antigens temporarily prevent LPS-induced NF-κB in DC, suppressing maturation. S. mansoni induces NF-κB activation in human hepatic stellate cells which is associated with liver fibrosis; a similar situation occurs in S. Japonicum-infected mice.