Table 1.
Textile materials functionalized with chitosan and metal nanoparticles. Polysaccharide function towards MNPs.
| Polysaccharide Function | NPs (Shape, Size) | Textile Substrate, Structure |
Application | Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial activity |
Ag (n.d. *) | Cotton, woven | Packaging | Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and A. niger; chitosan increased air permeability and water absorbance | [47] |
| Ag (n.d.) | Cotton, woven | Medical and UV-protective textiles | Air and water permeability decreased, whereas tensile strength and elongation increased; superior UV blocking; antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, A. niger, and C. albicans | [48] | |
| Ag (spherical, <100 nm) | Cotton, woven | Hygienic products | Antibacterial activity against S. aureus improved with the addition of AgNPs | [49] | |
| Chitosan-TiO2 and chitosan-TiO2/ZnO (spherical, 11.7 nm) | Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial, self-cleaning, and UV-protective textiles | Enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and A. niger; improved self-cleaning and UV-protective properties | [50] | |
| Ag (n.d.) | PET, nonwoven | Antimicrobial textiles (wound dressings) | Improved antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus | [51] | |
|
Psidium guajava extract-ZnO (spherical, 12–18 nm and 5–7 nm (water and ethanol extract) |
Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial textiles | Composite with ZnONPs had better antimicrobial activity and UV protection in the presence of chitosan | [52] | |
| PVP-Ag (n.d., 30 nm) | Acrylic acid and chitosan-grafted polypropylene, nonwoven | Antimicrobial textiles | Antibacterial resistance increased after coating with chitosan and improved further with the addition of AgNPs (E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis) | [53] | |
| Antimicrobial activity; immobilization | Ag (n.d., 40–70 nm) |
PET (n.d.) | Antimicrobial and flame-retardant textiles | Good antibacterial resistance against E. coli; flame retardance was improved with the addition of AgNPs along with chitosan | [54] |
| Chitosan-Ag (spherical, 20 nm) | Cotton, woven | Antibacterial, UV-protective, and flame-retardant textiles | Antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans; small reduction after 20 washing cycles; improvement in UV-protective and flame-retardant properties | [55] | |
| CMCh-Ag (spherical, 10–20 nm) | Viscose, woven | Antimicrobial textiles (wound dressings) | Superior antibacterial activity against S. aureus compared to that against E. coli with increasing concentration of AgNPs | [56] | |
| Ag (n.d., 34.4 nm) | Cotton, woven | Antibacterial textiles | No cytotoxic effect on human skin; excellent antibacterial durability against E. coli and S. aureus achieved by a small Ag dosage | [57] | |
| Antimicrobial activity; immobilization; stabilizing agent | ZnO and TiO2 (rod-shaped, 18 nm) |
Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial and UV-protective textiles | The durability of antibacterial efficiency against K. pneumonia and S. aureus increased up to 10 washing cycles the using sol–gel method | [58] |
| Antimicrobial activity; stabilizing agent | Chitosan-Cu (n.d., 20–30 nm) | Cotton and cotton/polyester, woven | Antimicrobial textiles | Antibacterial effect was predominantly observed against S. aureus in comparison with E. coli | [59] |
| Antimicrobial activity; substrate | Carboxymethyl pullulan-ZnO (spherical, 9 nm) | Cotton, woven | pH, thermo-sensitive, and antibacterial agents | Antimicrobial activity towards S. aureus and E. coli; textile sensitive to temperature between 24 and 40 °C and pH 3, 7, and 10 | [14] |
| Ag (n.d.) | Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial textiles | Improved antimicrobial properties against E. coli and B. subtilis | [60] | |
| Immobilization | Ginger oil-Ag (spherical, 14 nm) | Cotton, woven | Wound patches/gauzes | Gauzes with antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, E. coli, and S. aureus; improved UV protection; brilliant yellow-brownish color | [17] |
| Ag (n.d.) | Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial textiles, wound dressings | Good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli | [61] | |
| Tamarin-Ag (n.d., 20–50 nm) | Linen, woven | Antibacterial, UV-protective, and flame-retardant textiles | Antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli; UV protection and improved antioxidant activity; moderate improvement of flame retardance | [62] | |
| Fe, Cu, Ag, Co, and Ni (n.d.) | Cotton, woven | Catalyst strips | High catalytic efficiency for the conversion of toxic substances from azo dyes and nitrophenols | [38] | |
| Co (n.d., 90 ± 22 nm) |
Cotton, woven | Catalyst for the reduction of pollutants in water | CoNPs showed reduction of congo red dye (96% of the dye was degraded in only 21 min) and nitrophenols in aqueous solutions | [63] | |
| Cu (n.d., 80–90 nm) |
Cotton, woven | Catalyst for dye reduction | Cu catalyst remained active even after three usages; excellent stability and recyclability during the degradation process | [64] | |
| ZnO and Ag (n.d., 35 and 40 nm) |
Cotton, woven | Technical textiles with antimicrobial and UV protection properties | Antimicrobial action against S. aureus and E. coli; noticeable increase in UV blocking and in bending rigidity; functional properties maintained even after 15 washing cycles | [65] | |
| ZnO and TiO2 (n.d., 10–30 nm) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) (n.d., 10–20 nm) | Cotton/polyester, woven | Antibacterial and UV-protective textiles | Good antibacterial effect for fabrics coated with TiO2, followed by ZnO and SiO2; higher UPF for the samples with TiO2, followed by ZnO, SiO2NPs, and chitosan | [66] | |
| Fe (NO3)3 (n.d) | Ramie, woven | Flame-retardant textiles | Flame-retardant properties were improved; mechanical properties were reduced | [67] | |
| Reducing and stabilizing agent | Chitosan-Ag (spherical, n.d.) | Polyamide, woven | Antimicrobial textiles | Bacterial activity with the addition of AgNPs but reduced after 20 washing cycles; consistent color, even after one year | [68] |
| Chitosan-Ag (n.d.) | Sodium alginate, nanofibers | Antimicrobial textiles and filter for oil and dyes | Antibacterial effect on E. coli and S. aureus; rejection rate for oil and dye removal was significant and reduced after five filtration cycles | [69] | |
| Chitosan-Ag (n.d., 10–20 nm) | Polyester, woven | Coloration and antimicrobial textiles | Antibacterial activity improved but reduced after 10 washing cycles; improved color fastness | [70] | |
| Ag (spherical, 8.57 nm) | Viscose, woven | Antimicrobial textiles | Strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus; tensile strength improved | [71] | |
| Reducing and stabilizing agent; immobilization | Chitosan-Ag (spherical, n.d.) | Aramid, woven | Coloration and antimicrobial activity | Improved thermal resistivity and color properties; excellent antibacterial action against E. coli and S. aureus, even after 10 washing cycles | [46] |
| Chitosan-Ag (multi-shape, 165 nm) |
Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial textiles for biomedical applications | Antibacterial action against S. aureus and E. coli; coated fabric showed a higher release of Ag ions and for a longer time | [72] | |
| Stabilizing agent | CMCh-Ag/TiO2 (n.d.) | Cotton, woven | Antibacterial and UV-protective textiles | Antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus; UPF 50+ | [73] |
| Chitosan-CeO2 (spherical, n.d.) | Linen, woven | Antibacterial, UV protective, flame-retardant, and easy-care textiles | Antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli; flame retardance was improved with the coating of chitosan and furthermore improved with the addition of CeO2NPs; reduced efficacy after five washes; improved wrinkle resistance and UV protection | [74] | |
| Ag (n.d., 63.9–68.2 nm) |
Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial textiles | Antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, even after more than 50 washing cycles | [13] | |
| PVA-Chitosan-PEG-Ag (n.d., 96 nm) |
Cotton, woven | Antibacterial nasal tampons | Reduction in blood clotting time from 180 s to 90 s and antibacterial action against S. aureus and E. coli | [44] | |
| Chitosan-Ag (n.d., 25 nm) | Polyamide, woven | Antimicrobial textiles (masks) | AgNPs improved antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, but it was reduced to a greater extent after washing | [75] | |
| CuO, ZnO, TiO2, and Ag (n.d., 5.8, 11.9, 15.10, and 15.93 nm) | Cotton, woven | Antimicrobial textiles | AgNPs and CuONPs showed antibacterial activity against B. cereus and E. coli, whereas ZnONPs acted against Salmonella, B. cereus, and E. coli | [76] | |
| Stabilizing agent; immobilization | CMCh-Ag (spherical, 10–80 nm) | Cotton, woven | Antibacterial textiles | Improved antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus before and after 50 washing cycles | [77] |
| Substrate | Glucose-Ag (spherical or polygon-like, n.d.) | Chitosan, non-woven | Conductive (electrocardiogram signals) and antimicrobial textiles | After eight washing cycles, the electrical resistance remained below 1 Ω·sq−1 | [16] |
| Co, Ni, Cu, and Ag (n.d., 26–33 nm) |
Chitosan-TiO2 (<25 nm) nanofibers | Catalyst for theremoval of organic pollutants | High catalytic efficiency for the reduction of dyes and nitrophenols; good catalytic activity of Cu-composites | [78] | |
| CMCh-Ag/TiO2 (n.d., 5–15 nm) | PVA-chitosan, nanofibers | Antimicrobial textiles (wound dressings) | Antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans | [79] | |
| Substrate; stabilizing agent | Chitosan-PVA-ZnO (n.d., 40 nm) | Chitosan-PVA-ZnO, nanofibers | Scaffolds and diabetic wound dressings | Antibacterial properties against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus; chitosan/PVA and chitosan/PVA/ZnO nanofiber membranes with higher antioxidant properties | [45] |
* n.d. corresponds to not defined.