Table 1.

Adhesion-preventing products, mechanisms of action and drug/device stage of development.

Product Category	Product	Mechanism or Strategies	Stage of Development
Medical Device-Mechanical Barriers (Fabric, film, gels, polymers, liquids)	Seprafilm® (Baxter, Deerfield, IL, USA), Interceed® (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA), Adept® (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ, USA), SprayShield® 8Coviden; Dublin, Irland), Hyalobarrier® (Nordic Pharma, Paris, France), Repel-CV® ((SyntheMed Inc, Iselin, NJ, USA), Adcon®, (Leader Biomedical, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Coseal® (Baxter Healthcare Inc, Deerfield, IL, USA), etc.	Physical separation of tissues Site specific	FDA, CE mark, approved.
Anti-adhesive Agents	Ibuprofen, celecoxib, resveratrol or pirfenidone, myomycin C, heparin.	ECM Fibrinolytic Inflammation Cell proliferation Anticoagulant	Serious side effects, delivery problems and/or moderate to low efficacy.
Gene Therapy	tPA gene siRNA HGF gene	Promote fibrinolysis HIF1a PAI-1 Mesothelial regeneration	Serious side effects, low efficacy, expensive.