Table 3.

TIM-3 ligands and their role in cancer.

Ligand	TIM-3 Ligand Expression in NSCLC	Effects of Interaction of TIM-3 Ligand with TIM-3 Molecule	References
Galectin-9	tumour cells and TILs	Apoptosis in TIM-3+CD8+ TILs	[37,38]
CEACAM1 (carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1)	tumour tissue (IHC)	Tc exhaustion, cell-mediated cytotoxicity suppression	[31,39,40]
HMGB1 (high-mobility group box 1)	Primary EpCAM+ epithelial tumour cells	Suppression of innate immune responses through the recognition of nucleic acids by Toll-like receptors and cytosolic sensors in DCs	[32]
PtdSer (phosphatidylserine)	tumour cells and tumour vasculature	meaning in cancer not described (clearance of apoptotic cells)	[34,35,36]