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. 2022 Mar 12;14(3):629. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030629

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Estimation of deposition by nasal spray devices based on human in vivo studies. (A) regions of nasal cavity including the anterior vestibular (VR), superior olfactory (OR) and large respiratory regions (RR), as well as the posterior oropharynx (NP). The olfactory nerve is in the olfactory region and goes to the olfactory bulb (OB), while the trigeminal nerve is found in the respiratory regions and goes to the pons. (B) distribution of traditional nasal sprays is limited to vestibular and lower respiratory regions. (C–E) distributions of Vianase™ (C), Optinose Opt-Powder™ (D), and Impel POD^® (E) all demonstrate significantly more dose reaching the olfactory region.