ACC	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
ADP	Adenosine diphosphate
AHA	American Heart Association
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
ang II	Angiotensin II
ANP	Atrial natriuretic peptide
ARBs	Angiotensin receptor blockers
AT1	Angiotensin Receptor 1
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
BCAA	Branched amino acids
BNP	Brain natriuretic peptide
cAMP	Cyclic AMP
CONSENSUS	Effects of Enalapril on Mortality in Severe Congestive Heart Failure Trial
CoASH	Coenzyme A
COMET	Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial
CPTI	Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase I
CPTII	Carnitine palmitoyl-transferase II
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
DAPA-HF	Dapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction Trial
EMPEROR-Preserved	Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction Trial
ERR	Estrogen-related receptor
FA	Fatty acid
FATP	Fatty acid transport protein
F1,6BP	Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
F6P	Fructose 6-phosphate
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
HF	Heart failure
HF-ACTION	Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training Trial
HNE	4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
HFrEF	Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
HFpEF	Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
LCFA	Long chain fatty acids
MCD	Malonyl coenzyme A decarboxylase
MPC	Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier
NX1	Na+/Ca+ exchanger 1
NYHA	New York Heart Association
PARADIGM-HF	Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition versus Enalapril in Heart Failure Trial
PARAGON-HF	Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Trial
PDH	Pyruvate dehydrogenase
PDK	Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
PDP	Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
PFK-1	6-phosphofructo-1-kinase
PGC-1	PPARγ coactivator-1
PPARs	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
RAS	Renin-angiotensin system
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SERCA	Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase
SGLT2	Sodium-glucose transport protein 2
TCA	Tricarboxylic acid
VDAC	Voltage-dependent anion channel