Table 2.
Characteristics of the main bone grafts and substitutes in clinical application. Table published under permission of Bhatt R.A et al., 2012 and Greenwald A.S. et al., 2001 [37,38] through Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink® service.
| Osteo-Conduction | Osteo-Induction | Osteo-Genesis | Osteo-Integration | Structural Support | Disadvantages | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Autologous Bone Graft | Cancellous bone | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++ | − | Limited availability, donor site morbidity, blood loss |
| Cortical Bone | + | + | + | + | ++++ | Limited availability, donor site morbidity, blood loss | |
| Allogeneic Bone Graft | Cancellous bone | + | + | − | ++ | − | Risk of disease transmission and rejection |
| Cortical Bone | + | − | − | + | +++ | Risk of disease transmission and rejection | |
| Demineralized Bone Matrix | + | ++ | − | ++ | − | Variable osteo-conduction | |
| Synthetic Bone Substitutes | Calcium solfate | + | − | − | ++ | + | Rapid resorption, osteo-conduction only |
| Hydroxyapatite | + | − | − | − | ++ | Slow resorption, osteo-conduction only | |
| Calcium Phosphate Ceramic | + | − | − | + | ++ | Osteo-conduction only | |
| Calcium Phosphate Cement | + | − | − | + | + | Osteo-conduction only | |
| Bioactive Glass | + | − | − | − | Bioactive osteo-conduction only | ||
| Poly (methyl-methacrylate) | − | − | − | − | +++ | Inert, exothermic, monomer-mediate toxic |