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. 2022 Mar 10;14(6):1162. doi: 10.3390/nu14061162

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Oxidative DNA damage. 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (OHdG) expression was observed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) at 4 weeks after injection of streptozotocin. 8-OHdG immunostaining was extended to the inner nuclear layer at 12 weeks after onset of diabetes (A,C). Nicotinamide treatment attenuated increased 8-OHdG labeling by diabetes at 4 and 12 weeks after induction of diabetes (p = 0.002, 0.005, respectively; (B,D)). Scale bar = 20 μm. DM, diabetes mellitus; NAM, nicotinamide. GCL, ganglion cell layer. INL, inner nuclear layer. ONL, outer nuclear layer. *, significantly different as indicated (p < 0.05).