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. 2022 Mar 3;14(3):561. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030561

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of HRW and EO extracts from E. globulus leaves on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in RAW 264.7 macrophages. The cells were pre-incubated for 18 h with 0.32 mg/mL EO or 12.5 μg/mL HRW, before incubation with or without 1 μg/mL LPS for an additional 6-h period. The cells treated with the medium alone were used as the CTRL. Il-1β, Il-6, Nos2, Tnf-α and Cox-2 gene expression was evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). The results, expressed as relative fold changes compared to the LPS, represent the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. The statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s and Sidak’s multiple comparison tests. *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001: significantly different compared to the CTRL. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, and #### p < 0.0001: significantly different compared to the LPS.