| GEE | Generalized estimating equation |
| LASSO | Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator |
| PGEE | Penalized generalized estimating equation |
| PQIF | Penalized quadratic inference function |
| MCP | Minimax concave penalty |
| SCAD | Smoothly clipped absolute deviation |
| SNP | Single-nucleotide polymorphisms |
| CNV | Copy number variations |
| QIF | Quadratic inference function |