Table 4.

Characteristics of genes occurring together with hyperdiploidy responsible for resistance to applied treatment.

Gene and Locus	Gene Mutation	Effects on Pathology	Effects on Treatment
KRAS (locus 1p13.2)	High expression	Attracts and activates growth factor-related proteins, as well as c-Raf and PI 3-kinase.	Increased resistance to MTX, increased sensitivity to vincristine
FLT3 (locus 13q12.2)	Tandem duplication, high expression	Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway activation, misregulation of cellular activities, growth of B-Cells	Resistance to RTK and FLT3 inhibitors
DOTL1 (locus 19p13.3)	High expression	Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway activation, misregulation of gene transcription, development, cell cycle progression, somatic reprogramming, and DNA damage repair	Resistance to RTK inhibitors
PTPN11 (locus 12q24.13)	High expression	Increases SHP2 protein production, which leads to activation of Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway	Resistance to PTP inhibitors