Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort-treatment applied before hospitalization.
| Variables Units |
Low Risk [0–1] |
Medium [2–3] |
High Risk [≥4] |
OMNIBUS p-Value |
p Value for Post-Hoc Analysis |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females N = 682 |
Males N = 735 |
Females N = 284 |
Males N = 208 |
Females N = 135 |
Males N = 139 |
Females | Males | Females | Males | |
| Treatment applied before hospitalization | ||||||||||
|
ACEI n/n(%) |
47 (6.9) |
69 (9.4) |
57 (20.1) |
63 (30.3) |
54 (40.0) |
62 (44.6) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 a,b,c |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0273 c |
|
ARB n/n(%) |
33 (4.8) |
43 (5.9) |
26 (9.2) |
12 (5.8) |
14 (10.4) |
16 (11.5) |
0.0087 | 0.0413 |
0.04855 a 0.0611 b 1.0 c |
1.0 a 0.0724 b 0.2546 c |
|
MRA n/n(%) |
3 (0.4) |
15 (2.0) |
13 (4.6) |
20 (9.6) |
20 (14.8) |
29 (20.9) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0021 c |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0158 c |
|
β-blocker n/n(%) |
78 (11.4) |
119 (16.2) |
102 (35.9) |
77 (37.0) |
76 (56.3) |
81 (58.3) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0004 c |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0005 c |
|
Calcium channel blocker dihydropiridines n/n(%) |
37 (5.4) |
66 (9.0) |
48 (16.9) |
36 (17.3) |
34 (25.2) |
40 (28.8) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b 0.1863 c |
0.003 a
<0.0001 b 0.0493 c |
|
α-adrenergic blocker n/n(%) |
10 (1.5) |
35 (4.8) |
6 (2.1) |
28 (13.5) |
8 (5.9) |
31 (22.3) |
0.0113 | <0.0001 | 1.0 a 0.0137 b 0.2272 c |
<0.0001 a,b 0.1358 c |
|
Amiodarone n/n(%) |
1 (0.1) |
0 (0.0) |
1 (0.4) |
1 (0.5) |
0 (0.0) |
1 (0.7) |
0.6165 | 0.1027 | N/A | N/A |
|
Thiazide or thiazide-like diuretic n/n(%) |
29 (4.3) |
39 (5.3) |
36 (12.7) |
11 (5.3) |
16 (11.9) |
19 (13.7) |
<0.0001 | 0.0008 |
<0.0001 a 0.0026 b 1 c |
1.0 a 0.0017 b 0.0345 c |
|
Loop diuretic n/n(%) |
13 (1.9) |
26 (3.5) |
25 (8.8) |
40 (19.2) |
33 (24.4) |
48 (34.5) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 a,b,c | <0.0001 a,b 0.0061 c |
|
Statin n/n(%) |
40 (5.9) |
63 (8.6) |
56 (19.7) |
65 (31.3) |
49 (36.3) |
77 (55.4) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0012 c |
<0.0001 a, b, c |
|
Acetylsalicylic acid n/n(%) |
35 (5.1) |
46 (6.3) |
44 (15.5) |
51 (24.5) |
33 (24.4) |
49 (35.3) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b 0.1137 c |
<0.0001 a,b 0.1234 c |
|
The second antiplatelet drug n/n(%) |
1 (0.1) |
6 (0.8) |
5 (1.8) |
5 (2.4) |
4 (3.0) |
18 (12.9) |
0.0009 | <0.0001 |
0.0292 a 0.0094 b 1.0 c |
0.2154 a <0.0001 b 0.0007 c |
|
LMWH n/n(%) |
32 (4.7) |
42 (5.7) |
23 (8.1) |
18 (8.7) |
11 (8.1) |
15 (10.8) |
0.0674 | 0.0535 | N/A | N/A |
|
VKA n/n(%) |
4 (0.6) |
6 (0.8) |
6 (2.1) |
8 (3.8) |
10 (7.4) |
13 (9.4) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2172 a <0.0001 b 0.038 c |
0.0129 a <0.0001 b 0.1213 c |
|
NOAC n/n(%) |
6 (0.9) |
12 (1.6) |
22 (7.7) |
15 (7.2) |
23 (17.0) |
29 (20.9) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0207 c |
0.0002 a
<0.0001 b 0.001 c |
|
Insulin n/n(%) |
23 (3.4) |
39 (5.3) |
14 (4.9) |
15 (7.2) |
22 (16.3) |
18 (12.9) |
<0.0001 | 0.0038 | 1.0 a <0.0001 b 0.0007 c |
1.0 a 0.0047 b 0.3296 c |
|
Metformin n/n(%) |
40 (5.9) |
64 (8.7) |
35 (12.3) |
32 (15.4) |
22 (16.3) |
29 (20.9) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
0.0031 a 0.0002 b 1.0 c |
0.022 a 0.0001 b 0.7261 c |
|
SGLT2 inhibitor n/n(%) |
4 (0.6) |
7 (1.0) |
4 (1.4) |
3 (1.4) |
3 (2.2) |
6 (4.3) |
0.12658 | 0.018 | N/A | 1.0 a 0.0286 b 0.4938 c |
|
Oral antidiabetics other than SGLT2 inhibitor and metformin n/n(%) |
10 (1.5) |
17 (2.3) |
20 (7.0) |
14 (6.7) |
11 (8.1) |
17 (12.2) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b 1.0 c |
0.01 a <0.0001 b 0.3507 c |
|
Proton pump inhibitor n/n(%) |
31 (4.5) |
58 (7.9) |
39 (13.7) |
36 (17.3) |
37 (27.4) |
49 (35.3) |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 |
<0.0001 a,b
0.0034 c |
0.0003 a
<0.0001 b 0.0007 c |
|
Oral corticosteroid n/n(%) |
31 (4.5) |
31 (4.2) |
17 (6.0) |
7 (3.4) |
5 (3.7) |
1 (0.7) |
0.5164 | 0.125 | N/A | N/A |
|
Immuno-suppression other than oral corticosteroid n/n(%) |
24 (3.5) |
25 (3.4) |
12 (4.2) |
10 (4.8) |
2 (1.5) |
0 (0.0) |
0.3606 | 0.0185 | N/A | 1.0 a 0.0686 b 0.0209 c |
Categorized variables are presented as: a number with a percentage. Information about the numbers with valid values is provided in the left column. Abbreviations: N, valid measurements; n, number of patients with parameter above the cut-off point; ACEI, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; MRAs, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin; VKA, vitamin K antagonists; NOAC, novel oral anticoagulants; SGLT2 inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors; OMNIBUS, analysis of variance; N/A, non-applicable; a low risk vs. medium risk, b low risk vs. high risk, c medium risk vs. high risk. Red color text = statistically significant values.