Table 4.
Biochemical changes in CKD participants according to the intervention arm after 3 months of intervention.
| Control (n = 19) | FontActiv (n = 19) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Mean | p-Value | ||
| Prealbumin (g/L) 1 | Baseline 1 | 0.28 (0.20 to 0.33) | 0.22 (0.19 to 0.28) | 0.154 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.00 (−0.03 to 0.03) | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.05) | 0.191 | |
| Albumin (g/L) | Baseline | 39.0 (36.0 to 41.0) | 38.0 (33.0 to 40.0) | 0.297 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.00 (−2.00 to 1.00) | 0.00 (0.00 to 3.00) | 0.258 | |
| Total protein (g/L) | Baseline | 61.9 (6.46) | 60.8 (7.52) | 0.614 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.10 (−2.01 to 2.21) | 0.58 (−1.52 to 2.69) | 0.743 | |
| HDL (mg/dL) | Baseline | 47.0 (40.0 to 54.0) | 56.0 (40.0 to 66.0) | 0.163 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.00 (−7.00 to 7.00) | −5.00 (−12.0 to 5.00) | 0.271 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | Baseline | 119.0 (109.0 to 128.0) | 112.0 (96.0 to 123.0) | 0.172 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −4.00 (−12.0 to 1.00) | 0.00 (−14.0 to 20) | 0.246 | |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | Baseline | 5.90 (5.37 to 7.37) | 5.30 (4.80 to 5.50) | 0.010 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.00 (−0.45 to 0.30) | 0.00 (−0.52 to 0.30) | 0.782 | |
| Total leukocytes (109/L) | Baseline | 6.44 (5.16 to 7.64) | 6.32 (5.00 to 7.24) | 0.402 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.00 (−1.35 to 0.73) | 0.07 (−1.17 to 1.20) | 0.795 | |
| Hematocrit (L/L) | Baseline | 0.37 (0.04) | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.242 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.00) | 0.003 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.119 | |
| Transferrin saturation (%) | Baseline | 31.5 (15.7) | 24.1 (11.4) | 0.105 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −5.04 (−8.88 to −1.21) * | −3.71 (−7.55 to 0.12) | 0.628 | |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | Baseline | 393.0 (239.0 to 525.0) | 454.0 (376.0 to 564.0) | 0.109 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 130.4 (−98.0 to 230.0) | 70.0 (−97.0 to 208.0) | 0.525 | |
| PTH (pg/mL) | Baseline | 182.0 (129.0 to 312.0) | 212.0 (99.0 to 350.0) | 0.832 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −1.00 (−38.0 to 54.0) | −25.0 (−117.5 to 69.2) | 0.711 | |
| C-Reactive Protein (mg/dL) | Baseline | 0.40 (0.00 to 0.73) | 0.58 (0.00 to 1.63) | 0.573 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.00 (0.00 to 1.16) | 0.00 (−1.00 to 0.63) | 0.165 | |
| Vitamin B1 (ng/mL) | Baseline | 66.0 (50.0 to 93.7) | 63.5 (54.9 to 120.7) | 0.744 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 4.30 (−16.9 to 10.1) | 5.40 (−8.20 to 23.7) | 0.316 | |
| Vitamin B6 (nmol/L) | Baseline | 69.1 (21.1 to 101.1) | 72.4 (24.1 to 94.3) | 0.976 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −6.80 (−76.3 to 21.6) | 9.90 (−18.3 to 59.6) | 0.356 | |
| Intracellular folic acid (ng/mL) | Baseline | 273.5 (74.3) | 252.8 (81.0) | 0.487 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 66.7 (25.3 to 108.2) * | 37.4 (−6.16 to 80.9) | 0.326 | |
| Serum folic acid (ng/mL) | Baseline | 19.6 (6.19 to 24.0) | 10.2 (6.26 to 24.0) | 0.545 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −0.11 (−2.00 to 0.06) | 0.00 (−1.17 to 1.59) | 0.239 | |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | Baseline | 380.0 (350.0 to 614.0) | 390.0 (313.2 to 517.5) | 0.538 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 21.5 (−115.0 to 57.2) | 14.5 (−9.00 to 78.7) | 0.829 | |
| Retinol (µg/dL) | Baseline | 72.7 (59.2 to 100.8) | 67.5 (55.3 to 86.4) | 0.354 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −7.80 (−23.3 to 10.1) | −2.40 (−10.1 to 8.10) | 0.560 | |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (ng/dL) | Baseline | 10.5 (8.10 to 22.2) | 11.8 (6.40 to 15.6) | 0.354 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 3.80 (−5.90 to 4.90) | 8.80 (5.80 to 11.4) * | 0.016 | |
| Alpha-tocoferol (umol/L) | Baseline | 32.1 (6.87) | 32.6 (7.18) | 0.844 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −3.31 (−6.30 to −0.32) * | −2.33 (−5.10 to 0.44) | 0.624 | |
| Ca (mg/dL) | Baseline | 8.64 (0.78) | 8.29 (1.43) | 0.360 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 0.17 (−0.18 to 0.52) | 0.21 (−0.13 to 0.54) | 0.880 | |
| P (mg/dL) | Baseline | 4.50 (1.75) | 4.36 (1.30) | 0.771 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −0.29 (−0.84 to 0.25) | 0.49 (−0.04 to 1.02) | 0.045 | |
| Mg (mg/dL) | Baseline | 2.05 (0.34) | 2.09 (0.43) | 0.779 |
| Changes after 3 m. | −0.05 (−0.17 to 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.16) | 0.376 | |
| Se (µg/dL) | Baseline | 63.5 (16.8) | 60.4 (12.3) | 0.574 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 4.89 (−3.53 to 13.3) | 9.16 (1.37 to 17.0) * | 0.450 | |
| Zn (µg/dL) | Baseline | 77.4 (9.66) | 73.0 (17.0) | 0.400 |
| Changes after 3 m. | 1.91 (−5.78 to 9.60) | −3.06 (−9.93 to 3.81) | 0.333 |
1 Values expressed as mean (SDs), median (IR), and mean differences (95% IC) or median (25th, 75th percentile), as appropriate. Comparisons between groups with one-way ANOVA and comparisons between groups after 3 months of intervention with ANCOVA adjusted for baseline levels of each variable. Non-normally distributed variables were compared with Mann–Whitney U test. PTH, parathormone. * Significant differences between baseline and after 3 months (p < 0.05).