Table 2.
Participants’ characteristics (n = 717).
| Total (n = 717) | |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71 ± 2 |
| Sex (women, %) | 80 |
| Height (cm) | 164 ± 8 |
| Weight (kg) | 69 ± 13.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 ± 4.4 |
| Obesity (%) 1 | 14 |
| Blood lipid levels | |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.74 ± 1.06 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.37 ± 0.95 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.83 ± 0.49 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.21 ± 0.56 |
| Bone characteristics | |
| Spine T-score | −0.91 ± 1.59 |
| Total hip T-score | −0.93 ± 0.95 |
| Femoral neck T-score | −1.47 ± 0.96 |
| Osteoporosis (%) 2 | 21 |
| Prior low-trauma fracture (%) | 26 |
| FRAX MOF with BMD (%) | 16.3 ± 8.4 |
| Osteoporosis treatment (%) 3 | 15 |
| 25-0H vitamin D (nmol/L) 4 | 67.8 ± 27.3 |
| Vitamin D insufficiency (<50 nmol/l) (%) 4 | 29 |
| PTH (pmol/L) 4 | 4.56 ± 1.83 |
| CTX (ng/L) 4 | 380 ± 191 |
| Dietary and other lifestyle factors | |
| Total dietary energy intake (kcal/day) | 1515 ± 388 |
| Dietary protein intake (g/kg/day) | 1.08 ± 0.29 |
| Total Ca intake (mg/day) | 1527 ± 527 |
| Total dairy products (servings/day) | 2.8 ± 1.3 |
| Ca supplement users (%) | 46 |
| Smoking, current (%) | 7 |
| Physical activity energy expenditure (kcal/d) | 391 ± 215 |
| Alcohol consumption (≥30 g/day) (%) | 10 |
| Other comorbidities and relevant medications | |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index Score | 3.0 ± 0.59 |
| Self-reported dyslipidemia or lipid-lowering drugs (%) 5 | 25 |
| Statins or other lipid-lowering drugs (%) 5 | 21 |
| Self-reported diabetes (%) 5 | 5 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs (%) 5 | 5 |
| Self-reported hypertension (%) 5 | 32 |
| Antihypertensive treatment (%) 5 | 30 |
| Self-reported CVD (%) 5 | 6 |
| 10-year CVD risk 6 Low/moderate (%) High (%) Very high (%) |
36 54 10 |
Values are means ± SDs or percentages. BMD: bone mineral density, Ca: calcium, CTX: β-carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen, CVD: cardiovascular disease, HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein, FRAX MOF: 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture, LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein, PTH: parathyroid hormone, TG: triglycerides. 1 Obesity defined as a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. 2 Defined as at least one BMD T-score ≤ −2.5 SDs at the lumbar spine, total hip, or femoral neck. 3 Bisphosphonates, denosumab, raloxifene, hormone replacement therapy or tibolone. 4 As assessed at baseline visit only. 5 As reported by participants in a face-to-face interview with a medical doctor. 6 Estimated using the Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2 and Systematic Coronary Risk Estimation 2-Older Persons risk charts for fatal and non-fatal (myocardial infarction, stroke) CVDs published by the European Society of Cardiology and 12 medical societies. The algorithms take into account the following factors: age, sex, smoking status, systolic blood pressure and non-HDL-c. Participants were classified as being at low-to-moderate (<5% for those aged <70 years, <7.5% for those aged ≥70 years), high (5–10% for those aged <70 years, 7.5–15% for those aged ≥70 years) or very high CVD risk (≥10% for those aged <70 years, ≥15% for those aged ≥70 years).