Table 5.
Univariate and adjusted ORs and 95 CIs for having high LDL-c and low HDL-c levels per 300 mg increase in total calcium intake and calcium from different sources.
| High LDL-c (≥2.6 mmol/L) |
Low HDL-c (<1.3 mmol/L) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariate | Adjusted * | Univariate | Adjusted * | |||||
| OR (95%) | p-Value | OR (95%) | p-Value | OR (95%) | p-Value | OR (95%) | p-Value | |
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| Total Ca intake | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 0.805 | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.401 | 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) | 0.010 | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.164 |
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| Dietary Ca | 0.94 (0.81, 1.1) | 0.454 | 0.89 (0.71, 1.13) | 0.343 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.612 | 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) | 0.469 |
| Ca from supplements | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 0.358 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.769 | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.230 |
| Model 3 | ||||||||
| Ca from dairy products | 0.93 (0.78, 1.12) | 0.443 | 0.90 (0.69, 1.15) | 0.396 | 1.07 (0.88, 1.29) | 0.490 | 0.93 (0.70, 1.24) | 0.622 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 0.99 (0.69, 1.44) | 0.978 | 0.88 (0.53, 1.44) | 0.602 | 0.94 (0.63, 1.39) | 0.739 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.31) | 0.362 |
| Ca from supplements | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 0.353 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.766 | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | 0.001 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.226 |
| Model 4 | ||||||||
| Ca from milk | 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) | 0.794 | 0.99 (0.64, 1.53) | 0.953 | 1.14 (0.81, 1.62) | 0.447 | 0.88 (0.58, 1.34) | 0.540 |
| Ca from yogurts | 0.91 (0.61, 1.35) | 0.624 | 0.88 (0.57, 1.36) | 0.557 | 1.19 (0.73, 1.93) | 0.492 | 1.55 (0.96, 2.50) | 0.070 |
| Ca from cheese | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) | 0.493 | 0.83 (0.60, 1.16) | 0.277 | 0.93 (0.7, 1.24) | 0.614 | 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) | 0.047 |
| Ca from milk-based desserts | 2.28 (0.3, 17.45) | 0.428 | 4.52(0.42, 48.12) | 0.211 | 5.29 (0.76, 36.85) | 0.092 | 1.05 (0.06, 17.3) | 0.970 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 0.99 (0.68, 1.44) | 0.964 | 0.88 (0.53, 1.44) | 0.608 | 0.93 (0.62, 1.38) | 0.712 | 0.75 (0.45, 1.24) | 0.263 |
| Ca from supplements | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 0.377 | 0.97 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.747 | 0.70 (0.57, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 0.199 |
| Model 5 | ||||||||
| Ca from fermented dairy | 0.91 (0.73, 1.14) | 0.414 | 0.84 (0.65, 1.10) | 0.214 | 1.02 (0.79, 1.3) | 0.901 | 0.93 (0.64, 1.36) | 0.704 |
| Ca from non-fermented dairy | 0.98 (0.71, 1.34) | 0.893 | 1.01 (0.65, 1.57) | 0.971 | 1.19 (0.85, 1.67) | 0.323 | 0.93 (0.63, 1.39) | 0.736 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 0.999 | 0.88 (0.53, 1.45) | 0.612 | 0.95 (0.64, 1.4) | 0.783 | 0.79 (0.48, 1.31) | 0.362 |
| Ca from supplements | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 0.353 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.778 | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.225 |
| Model 6 | ||||||||
| Ca from high-fat dairy | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.365 | 0.78 (0.56, 1.07) | 0.126 | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | 0.540 | 0.65 (0.45, 0.95) | 0.025 |
| Ca from low-fat dairy | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.833 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.35) | 0.936 | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 0.168 | 1.14 (0.83, 1.57) | 0.416 |
| Ca from non-dairy sources | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 0.985 | 0.86 (0.52, 1.41) | 0.550 | 0.94 (0.63, 1.38) | 0.739 | 0.75 (0.45, 1.25) | 0.273 |
| Ca from supplements | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 0.365 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.776 | 0.70 (0.58, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 0.191 |
* Adjusted for age, sex, weight, height, smoking status, alcohol intake, dietary energy intake, physical activity energy expenditure and use of medication (statins or other lipid-lowering drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antidiabetic drugs). Results are expressed per 300 mg increase in Ca intake (quantity provided by one serving of dairy products). Significant p-values (< 0.05) are indicated in bold. All models consider the total amount of Ca consumed. Model 1: Total Ca intake, Model 2: Ca from diet and supplements, Model 3: Ca from dairy and non-dairy sources, Model 4: Ca from dairy sources by subtype, Model 5: Ca from dairy sources by fermentation status, Model 6: Ca from dairy sources by fat content.