Figure 1.

Effect of HL extract on the phosphorylation of p38 and ERK. PHKs were pretreated with HL extract (4 µg/mL) or HC (20 µg/mL) for 2 h and irradiated with 6 J/cm² using a solar simulator. After 20 min, immunofluorescence staining of p-p38 or p-ERK was performed. The nucleus was stained with DAPI. Representative pictures of p-p38 (a) and p-ERK staining (b) for non-irradiated PHKs (no solar simulator radiation (SSR)), after irradiation (SSR), with HL extract treatment before SSR (HL + SSR), and HC pretreatment before SSR (HC + SSR). The intensity of the staining in the nucleus was measured using the Intensity Ratio Nuclei Cytoplasm Tool (RRID:SCR_018573) in ImageJ. Results of three independent experiments are shown as mean ± SD. The statistical significances were calculated in relation to the SSR-treated sample. ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.