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Lifecycle of S. japonicum. (a) Host. (b) Paired adult worms (larger male enfolding slender female). (c) Eggs. (d) Miracidium. (e) Intermediate host Oncomelania. (f) Cercariae. (g) Healthy liver. (h) Fibrotic liver with granuloma. (i) Representative histology of S. japonicum-induced granuloma formation in BALB/c mice at 6 weeks post-infection. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Scale bars, 100 mm.
