Table 2.
Glycemic, lipid, and hepatic markers over time within and between groups.
| Brown Seaweed Extract (n = 27) | Placebo (n = 29) | p IxG 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre 1 | Post 1 | p I 2 | Pre 1 | Post 1 | p I 2 | ||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | 0.14 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 0.45 | 0.60 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) † | 129 ± 49 | 123 ± 48 | 0.22 | 123 ± 63 | 114 ± 73 | 0.49 | 0.76 |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/L) | 1009 ± 298 | 957 ± 284 | 0.06 | 945 ± 307 | 916 ± 306 | 0.26 | 0.60 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.3 | 0.83 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.2 | 0.46 | 0.72 |
| Total chol (mmol/L) | 5.5 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 0.07 | 5.1 ± 0.8 | 5.1 ± 0.7 | 0.48 | 0.07 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 0.20 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.55 | 0.60 |
| LDLc (mmol/L) | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 0.06 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 0.36 | 0.05 |
| HDLc (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.001 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.25 | 0.09 |
| Chol/HDLc | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 0.12 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 0.17 | 0.86 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.8 ± 1.9 | 4.5 ± 1.8 | 0.18 | 4.5 ± 2.5 | 4.0 ± 2.8 | 0.65 | 0.57 |
| AST (U/L) | 23 ± 8 | 20 ± 5 | 0.02 | 25 ± 11 | 20 ± 8 | 0.004 | 0.69 |
| ALT (U/L) | 24 ± 8 | 24 ± 8 | 0.99 | 28 ± 20 | 31 ± 18 | 0.04 | 0.15 |
| AST/ALT | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.07 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.001 | 0.23 |
Total Chol, total cholesterol; LDLc, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDLc, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasic model assessment of insulin resistance; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase. † n = 56; n = 53 for fasting insulin; n = 53 for HOMA-IR. 1 A repeated-measures ANOVA with two factors (treatment, post-pre phase) was performed to compare changes over time (post-pre) between groups. Mean ± SD pre-intervention (at beginning of 12-week trial) and post-intervention (at end of 12-week trial). 2 p-value to compare changes over time from the baseline to 12 weeks (pre vs. post) within each group (placebo or brown seaweed extract). 3 p-value to compare change over time (pre vs. post) between groups (placebo vs. brown seaweed extract).