Table 1.
Association between sociodemographic, household and neighbourhood characteristics and children screen time (n = 489).
| Descriptive Statistics | Bivariate Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | n (%) | Excessive Screen Time (%) | LowScreen Time (%) |
χ2 (df) |
Β (95% CI) |
p Value |
| Parents Age | 10.65 (1) | 0.001 c | ||||
| <30 years | 148 (30.3) | 126 (85.1) | 22 (14.9) | |||
| ≥30 years | 341 (69.7) | 321 (94.1) | 20 (5.9) | |||
| Parents Education Level | 0.001 (1) | 0.98 | ||||
| Lower Education | 164 (33.5) | 150 (91.5) | 14 (8.5) | |||
| Higher Education | 325 (66.5) | 297 (91.4) | 28 (8.6) | |||
| Monthly Household Income | 1.09 (1) | 0.30 | ||||
| less than RM 5000 | 277 (56.6) | 250 (90.3) | 27 (9.7) | |||
| RM 5000 and more | 212 (43.4) | 197 (92.9) | 15 (7.1) | |||
| Employment status | 0.002 (1) | 0.97 | ||||
| Employed | 383 (78.3) | 350 (91.4) | 33 (8.6) | |||
| Unemployed | 106 (21.7) | 97 (91.3) | 9 (8.7) | |||
| Child’s Age | 0.03 (1) | 0.96 | ||||
| <24 months | 258 (52.8) | 236 (91.5) | 22 (8.5) | |||
| 24–59 months | 231 (47.2) | 211 (91.3) | 20 (8.7) | |||
| Child’s Sex | 1.9 (1) | 0.17 | ||||
| Male | 253 (51.7) | 227 (89.7) | 26 (10.3) | |||
| Female | 236 (48.3) | 220 (93.2) | 16 (6.8) | |||
| Ethnicity | 10.37 (1) | 0.001 c | ||||
| Malay | 419 (85.7) | 390 (93.1) | 29 (6.9) | |||
| Non-Malay | 70 (14.3) | 57 (81.4) | 13 (18.6) | |||
| Marital Status a | 0.42 | |||||
| Married | 483 (98.8) | 442 (91.5) | 41 (8.5) | |||
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 6 (1.2) | 5 (83.3) | 1 (16.7) | |||
| Presence of Siblings | 6.05 (1) | 0.01 c | ||||
| No | 182 (37.2) | 159 (87.4) | 23 (12.6) | |||
| Yes | 307 (62.8) | 288 (93.8) | 19 (6.2) | |||
| Childcare settings | 1.26 (2) | 0.53 | ||||
| Parental care only | 276 (56.4) | 249 (90.2) | 27 (9.8) | |||
| Home based childcare | 104 (21.3) | 96 (92.3) | 8 (7.7) | |||
| Childcare centers | 109 (22.3) | 102 (93.6) | 7 (6.4) | |||
| BMI z-Score | 0.33 (1) | 0.57 | ||||
| Not overweight | 416 (85.1) | 379 (91.1) | 37 (8.9) | |||
| Overweight/Obese | 73 (14.9) | 68 (93.2) | 5 (6.8) | |||
| Total Gadgetsat home a | 0.99 | |||||
| <3 gadgets | 35 (7.2) | 32 (91.4) | 3 (8.6) | - | ||
| 3 or more gadgets | 454 (92.8) | 415 (91.4) | 39 (8.6) | |||
| TV in Bedroom | 0.55 (1) | 0.46 | ||||
| Yes | 74 (15.1) | 66 (89.2) | 8 (10.8) | |||
| No | 415 (84.9) | 381 (91.8) | 34 (8.2) | |||
| Outdoor Play Equipment a | 0.03 c | |||||
| No | 29 (5.9) | 23 (79.3) | 6 (20.7) | |||
| Yes | 460 (94.1) | 424 (92.2) | 36 (7.8) | |||
| Public facility (i.e., park) a | 0.57 | |||||
| No | 44 (9.0) | 39 (88.6) | 5 (11.4) | |||
| Yes | 445 (91.0) | 408 (91.7) | 37 (8.3) | |||
| Crime Safety b | 3.71 ± 0.04 | 0.81 (0.57–0.1) | 0.23 | |||
| Pedestrian safety b | 3.13 ± 0.03 | 0.72 (0.45–1.18) | 0.19 | |||
Values represent mean (SD) for continuous values; frequency and percentage for categorical values; a Fishers exact test; b simple linear regression; c Significant at p < 0.05.