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. 2022 Mar 12;58(3):419. doi: 10.3390/medicina58030419

Table 1.

Mechanisms of sodium loading in skeletal muscles.

  • Hyperventilation-induced respiratory (extracellular) alkalosis via NHE1;

  • Intracellular acidosis (glycolytic metabolism) via NHE1;

  • Insufficient stimulation of Na+/K+ATPase to transport sodium out of myocytes due to dysfunctional ß2AdR and CGRP-deficit (small fiber neuropathy).