Table 2.
Cognitive dual task (CDT) walking performance after different tDCS interventions (n = 48)
| Group | Anodal group (n = 12) | Bilateral group (n = 12) | Cathodal group (n = 12) | Sham group (n = 12) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | p value* | |
| Speed(cm/sec) | 43.3 (34.5, 77.5) | 52.4 (37.8, 78.5) | 55.2 (33.9, 61.3) | 64.4 (39.7, 70.9)# | 45.6 (29.2, 55.7) | 51.3 (41.8, 64.5)# | 39.5 (26.2, 57.2) | 39.6 (28.8, 57.9) | |
| change | 3.7 (0.5, 6.2) | 8.3 (3.2, 11.3)s | 6.7 (4.7, 12.6)s | 1.0 (0.2, 4.0) | 0.033 | ||||
| Cadence(step/min) | 82.9(63.1, 105.5) | 82.6 (67.0, 100.7) | 78.3 (60.7, 88.1) | 84.0 (62.7, 95.8)# | 68.9 (55.0, 81.0) | 78.3 (72.0, 88.2) | 77.2 (61.5, 87.5) | 79.5 (66.0, 88.5) | |
| change | 0.7(-4.7, 3.3) | 6.4 (2.8, 10.0) | 5.9(-0.9, 19.4) | 1.9 (0.9, 4.2) | NS | ||||
| Step time (UA)(sec) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6,0.7) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | |
| change | 0.0 (0.0, 01) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | NS | ||||
| Step time(A)(sec) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.9, 0.7) | |
| change | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) | -0.1 (-0.1,0.0) | -0.1(-0.3, 0.0) | -0.1 (-0.1, 0.0) | NS | ||||
| Step length (UA)(cm) | 34.5 (22.1, 46.0) | 35.9 (22.9, 46.7) | 33.8 (31.3, 41.2) | 38.7 (35.2, 41.9)# | 38.3 (29.2, 46.1) | 41.8 (29.9, 49.8)# | 31.9 (22.5, 37.7) | 31.9 (21.6, 36.0) | |
| change | 2.3 (0.4, 4.9) | 1.9 (1.3, 4.9) | 3.0 (0.6, 4.4) | -0.6 (-2.7, 1.2) | NS | ||||
| Step length(A)(cm) | 40.0 (27.0, 48.2) | 40.9 (28.3, 51.5) | 43.9 (37.6, 48.9) | 45.3 (41.0, 55.4) | 38.5 (30.7, 44.6) | 41.2 (34.1, 46.5) | 33.6 (22.7, 44.6) | 34.2 (22.5, 37.5) | |
| change | 1.5 (0.0, 4.3) | 2.9 (1.5, 5.8) | 3.5(2.2, 6.6) | 0.6 (-1.4, 3.6) | NS | ||||
| ST(UA) variability (%) | 10.1 (3.9, 20.4) | 7.1 (4.2, 23.8) | 8.62 (5.5, 39.1) | 6.2 (3.2, 11.9) | 8.5 (6.0, 12.4) | 7.1 (4.5, 10.8) | 6.6 (3.4, 8.9) | 6.7 (4.9, 11.0) | |
| change | 1.0 (-5.9, 5.4) | -2.8(-21.1, -1.0) | -1.6 (-4.9, 4.2) | 0.9 (-1.1, 3.7) | NS | ||||
| ST(A) variability (%) | 6.3 (4.0, 9.7) | 5.6 (3.1, 12.3) | 8.2 (6.1, 23.0) | 5.7 (3.9, 13.3) | 6.1 (4.8, 18.1) | 6.6 (4.0, 11.9) | 6.2 (2.7, 12.0) | 4.9 (4.2, 7.8) | |
| change | -1.7 (-3.2, 2.6) | -3.4(-8.7, -0.6) | -0.5 (-9.3, 2.0) | -0.3 (-3.5, 3.7) | NS | ||||
| SL(UA) variability (%) | 8.4 (2.9, 15.7) | 5.8 (3.2, 13.4) | 7.9 (4.7, 12.3) | 4.9 (4.4, 12.2) | 8.3 (4.8, 14.4) | 6.5 (4.6, 9.4) | 7.3 (5.4, 12.3) | 8.5 (5.4, 11.2) | |
| change | 1.1 (-4.6, 5.2) | -1.8 (-3.2, 2.9) | -2.1 (-6.0, 0.8) | 0.6 (-1.5, 3.6) | NS | ||||
| SL(A) variability (%) | 7.1 (4.6, 13.0) | 6.5 (4.0, 9.0) | 7.6 (5.0, 13.6) | 4.7 (3.3, 9.5) | 6.6 (5.3, 8.2) | 8.0 (4.6, 9.4) | 8.4 (5.1, 26.8) | 6.1 (4.3, 11.0) | |
| change | -0.7 (-6.8, 1.3) | -2.8 (-5.8, 1.1) | -0.2 (-2.2, 2.9) | -3.5 (-10.6, 1.0) | NS | ||||
| DTC (%) | -22.3(-34.2, -7.0) | -8.0 (-24.2, -4.3) | -16.6(-51.6, -7.4) | -24.8(-40.7, -10.9) | -15.0(-41.8, -5.2) | -15.9 (-26.6, -9.4) | -19.5(-32.3,-9.1) | -21.8(-29.4, -8.4) | |
| change | 10.2 (-3.0, 18.8) | 0.9 (-10.2, 11.9) | -0.1 (-5.4, 19.0) | 2.5 (-3.5, 13.0) | NS | ||||
Data are presented as the median (interquartile range)
Abbreviations: UA, unaffected side; A, affected side; ST, step time; SL, step length; DTC, dual task cost. NS, Not significant (P > 0.05)
*P value based on Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks with Bonferroni correction
#, p < 0.05 for intragroup comparison. a, p < .05 as compared with Anodal group. s, p < .05 as compared with Sham group