Table 3.
Motor dual task (MDT) walking performance after different tDCS interventions (n = 48)
| Group | Anodal group (n = 12) | Bilateral group (n = 12) | Cathodal group (n = 12) | Sham group (n = 12) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | p value* | |
| Speed(cm/sec) | 52.0 (38.6, 77.5) | 51.7 (45.3, 76.2) | 50.3 (40.3, 79.4) | 61.2 (52.8, 82.7)# | 52.1 (38.7, 63.1) | 57.1 (50.2, 69.3)# | 42.4 (27.7, 60.1) | 40.8 (27.0, 63.2) | |
| change | 1.6 (-2.2, 2.9) | 7.0 (4.5, 11.6)a,s | 6.7 (4.2, 8.9)a,s | 0.9 (-1.0, 3.3) | 0.011 | ||||
| Cadence(step/min) | 96.1(82.4, 112.0) | 97.3 (81.8, 111.3) | 84.2 (77.4, 98.3) | 89.1(83.6, 101.1)# | 83.9 (73.5, 98.6) | 88.3 (82.0, 98.2) | 87.5 (63.9, 97.5) | 84.0 (61.8, 95.2) | |
| change | 0.1 (-5.1, 3.0) | 3.5 (0.4, 10.0) | 4.6 (-0.6, 7.6) | -1.5 (-4.5, 4.4) | NS | ||||
| Step time (UA)(sec) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5,0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | |
| change | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | NS | ||||
| Step time(A)(sec) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9)# | 0.9 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | |
| change | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.0) | NS | ||||
| Step length (UA)(cm) | 37.2 (25.9, 39.7) | 36.7 (25.1, 40.1) | 36.2 (25.6, 49.4) | 39.6 (29.1, 49.9) | 37.2 (25.3, 45.8) | 38.5 (30.3, 47.2) | 27.5 (21.8, 32.0) | 28.2 (21.2, 35.9) | |
| change | 1.0 (-3.4, 2.9) | 1.1 (-0.4, 6.1) | 1.8 (-0.8, 4.5) | 0.0 (-2.2, 4.2) | NS | ||||
| Step length(A)(cm) | 36.6 (28.5, 47.7) | 39.4 (30.6, 53.6) | 43.7 (34.5, 54.0) | 46.8 (43.1, 56.3) | 38.0 (31.0, 42.2) | 41.8 (34.1, 46.2)# | 31.7 (28.6, 40.9) | 33.2 (27.1, 39.9) | |
| change | 1.8 (-0.5, 6.2) | 1.6 (0.1, 4.3) | 3.1 (1.6, 4.8) | 2.5 (-1.3, 4.2) | NS | ||||
| ST(UA) variability (%) | 7.6 (5.0, 10.7) | 3.9 (3.2, 5.8) | 8.0 (3.0, 10.6) | 8.1 (1.9, 8.4) | 7.6 (6.5, 8.8) | 5.8 (2.5, 9.3) | 4.7 (3.4, 9.4) | 6.5 (4.0, 8.2) | |
| change | -2.6 (-4.6, -0.8) | 0.0(-4.2, 3.9) | -1.7 (-3.5, 0.7) | 0.5 (-4.0, 2.7) | NS | ||||
| ST(A) variability (%) | 5.4 (3.4, 8.0) | 3.9 (3.1, 6.7) | 4.7 (2.3, 10.8) | 5.1 (1.9, 8.4) | 7.4 (3.3, 10.0) | 6.5 (3.7, 7.7) | 4.7 (3.6, 6.1) | 5.7 (3.7, 8.6) | |
| change | -1.0 (-2.4, 1.4) | 0.1(-3.3, 2.4) | -1.2 (-2.4, 1.4) | 1.4 (-0.2, 3.6) | NS | ||||
| SL(UA) variability (%) | 8.2 (5.0, 14.8) | 7.1 (4.8, 18.2) | 9.8 (5.7, 15.2) | 6.9 (4.7, 15.2) | 9.0 (3.6, 14.4) | 6.9 (3.8, 11.1) | 9.9 (6.5, 15.1) | 8.4 (4.8, 19.1) | |
| change | -0.2 (-4.6, 3.8) | -0.6 (-3.3, 2.1) | -0.1 (-5.5, 1.8) | -1.1 (-3.7, 5.5) | NS | ||||
| SL(A) variability (%) | 5.2 (4.3, 11.5) | 6.9 (5.4, 8.5) | 6.2 (2.8, 10.4) | 4.7 (4.1, 9.5) | 5.6 (3.4, 7.9) | 5.3 (4.4, 6.8) | 5.9 (4.4, 9.8) | 6.5 (4.2, 13.6) | |
| change | -0.7 (-3.3, 2.4) | 0.4 (-2.0, 1.8) | -0.3 (-3.3, 1.6) | 0.3 (-3.6, 3.4) | NS | ||||
| DTC (%) | -7.2(-18.2, -0.8) | -9.0 (-14.8, 1.6) | -10.2(-29.7, -2.2) | -9.8 (-25.8, -4.1) | -14.1(-20.7, -0.3) | -18.5 (-24.1, -1.7) | -10.2(-25.5, 7.2) | -13.8 (-21.7, 0.5) | |
| change | 3.1 (-3.5, 8.1) | 3.6 (-2.1, 9.7) | 2.6 (-9.2, 14.4) | -1.5 (-3.8, 6.2) | NS | ||||
Data are presented as the median (interquartile range)
Abbreviations: UA unaffected side, A affected side, ST step time, SL step length, DTC dual task cost, NS Not significant (P > 0.05)
*P value based on Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks with Bonferroni correction
#, p < 0.05 for intragroup comparison. a, p < .05 as compared with Anodal group. s, p < .05 as compared with Sham group