Table 4.
Single walking (SW) performance after different tDCS interventions (n = 48)
| Group | Anodal group (n = 12) | Bilateral group (n = 12) | Cathodal group (n = 12) | Sham group (n = 12) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | pre | post | p value* | |
| Speed(cm/sec) | 64.23 (50.6, 84.8) | 62.7 (48.8, 80.6) | 62.4 (52.2, 71.0) | 68.8 (64.2, 75.4)# | 63.8 (52.8, 70.8) | 65.4 (57.8, 79.3) | 51.6 (41.4, 71.4) | 51.8 (42.3, 70.3) | |
| change | -0.2 (-3.1, 1.9) | 5.1 (2.5, 13.0)a,s | 7.2 (-1.2, 11.6) | 0.4 (-2.2, 1.8) | 0.030 | ||||
| Cadence(step/min) | 95.9 (74.8, 106.0) | 96.6(78.1, 102.4) | 85.7 (80.1, 91.3) | 92.0 (87.5, 96.9)# | 87.5 (74.5, 97.0) | 92.5 (81.8,100.6)# | 87.5 (77.2, 100.5) | 85.1 (78.1, 98.6) | |
| change | -0.1 (-2.6, 4.0) | 6.7 (3.8, 10.1)s | 5.2 (1.1, 9.5) | -0.4 (-2.3, 1.0) | 0.030 | ||||
| Step time (UA)(sec) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) # | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | |
| change | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | -0.1 (-0.2, 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | NS | ||||
| Step time(A)(sec) | 0.7 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9)# | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.9)# | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | |
| change | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | -0.1 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | NS | ||||
| Step length (UA)(cm) | 40.8 (35.6, 45.5) | 41.4 (34.6, 47.1) | 41.6 (35.2, 44.7) | 40.4 (36.7, 44.8) | 43.1 (30.6, 45.6) | 43.1 (34.4, 48.7) | 30.4 (27.7, 37.8) | 34.2 (27.1, 36.1) | |
| change | 2.2 (-2.8, 4.5) | 1.1 (-0.4, 2.2) | 0.7 (-1.8, 3.5) | 0.4 (-1.3, 3.0) | NS | ||||
| Step length(A)(cm) | 48.2 (33.9, 57.6) | 41.1 (31.2, 51.6) | 46.3 (36.8, 53.3) | 54.2 (44.4, 57.7) | 44.9 (39.1, 47.0) | 46.1 (44.2, 49.3) | 37.6 (33.0, 46.7) | 38.3 (34.0, 47.2) | |
| change | -1.5 (-5.3, -1.0) | 2.0 (-0.8, 7.2) | 2.0 (0.1, 5.1) | 0.3 (-0.5, 1.7) | NS | ||||
| ST (UA) variability (%) | 7.3 (2.9, 11.0) | 7.1 (3.7, 12.6) | 4.3 (2.8, 7.2) | 4.8 (2.8, 5.8) | 5.6 (3.4, 7.4) | 5.0 (3.8, 6.5) | 4.8 (4.6, 7.1) | 6.2 (3.4, 8.3) | |
| change | 0.0 (-4.5, 5.8) | 1.1 (-0.2, 2.5) | 0.1 (-2.1, 1.6) | 1.0 (-0.7, 1.8) | NS | ||||
| ST(A) variability (%) | 4.0 (2.1, 6.1) | 6.0 (3.9, 6.4) | 4.9 (3.4, 8.1) | 6.0 (4.2, 11.4) | 7.0 (3.0, 10.6) | 5.0 (3.2, 6.1) | 4.4 (3.4, 6.7) | 4.3 (3.4, 5.3) | |
| change | 2.2 (-0.7, 5.2) | 0.6 (-1.0, 4.4) | -2.6 (-5.7, 1.2) | -1.3 (-3.7, 1.8) | NS | ||||
| SL (UA) variability (%) | 5.5 (4.2, 13.4) | 8.8 (4.1, 14.8) | 5.0 (3.6, 7.7) | 6.4 (4.3, 8.5) | 4.2 (1.9, 7.9) | 6.4 (5.2, 7.8) | 7.6 (3.8, 11.7) | 9.3 (6.5, 12.6) | |
| change | 2.7 (-1.9, 5.3) | 1.6 (-0.8, 2.2) | 1.9 (-0.8, 4.4) | 1.7 (-1.6, 2.3) | NS | ||||
| SL(A) variability (%) | 4.4 (2.2, 6.9) | 6.3 (5.0, 7.5) | 4.3 (1.7, 6.5) | 3.8 (2.2, 6.8) | 4.6 (1.8, 9.1) | 4.6 (2.2, 7.9) | 4.9 (4.4, 8.1) | 5.7 (2.3, 6.6) | |
| change | 1.1 (-0.7, 4.2) | 0.6 (-1.7, 1.7) | 0.4 (-2.6, 2.7) | 0.5 (-2.9, 2.4) | NS | ||||
Data are presented as the median (interquartile range)
Abbreviations: UA, unaffected side; A, affected side; ST, step time; SL, step length. NS, Not significant (P > 0.05)
*P value based on Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks with Bonferroni correction
#, p < 0.05 for intragroup comparison
a, p < .05 as compared with Anodal group. s, p < .05 as compared with Sham group