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. 2022 Mar 25;21:86. doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01556-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Technologies for CTC and ctDNA enrichment, detection and clinical application. A CTCs are preliminary enriched from whole blood sample via different enrichment techniques. Different detection technologies can help with early detection, prognostication, chemotherapy, target therapy of CRC patients. B ctDNA are detected from whole blood sample via targeted and untargeted approaches. ctDNA can supported with early diagnosis, prognosis, disease monitoring and detected the gene mutations of CRC patients. C Exosomes are enriched from whole blood sample via different enrichment techniques. Different detection technologies can help with diagnosis, prognosis, disease monitoring, therapy of CRC patients. D TEPs are detected from whole blood sample via different approaches. TEPs can supported with early cancer detection, diagnosis, and disease monitoring of CRC patients. E CTECs are detected via different approaches. CTECs can supported with early cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis, antiangiogenic therapy of CRC patients