Table 1.
Effects of PFA on barrier function of IPEC-J2 cells.
| Stimulant/Incubation Time | Substance | Main Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| DON (0.592 µg/mL, 24 h) POST (2 h) |
Resveratrol (22.825 µg/mL) | TEER ↑, paracellular intestinal permeability ↓ Endocytosis and degradation of CLDN-4 and ZO-1 ↓ |
[58] |
| - | 1. Peppermint oil 2. Spearmint oil (100% pure, 0,25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) |
TEER - | [56] |
| DT2 (0.296 µg/mL DON + 0.002 µg/mL T-2, 48–72 h) POST (24 h) |
Rosmarinic acid (18.016 µg/mL) |
TEER ↑, IL-6 and IL-8 levels ↓, oxidative stress ↓ CLDN-1 distribution ↑ |
[59] |
| - | 1. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract (1000 µg/mL, extracted with water), 2. Angelica (Angelica archangelica) root powder (80 µg/mL), 3. Plant powder mix—ground gentian (Gentiana lutea) root, ground angelica root, ground cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark (80 µg/mL) 4. Oak (Quercus robur) bark extract (1000 µg/mL, extracted with ethanol) 5. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) fruit extract, extracted with ethanol (250 µg/mL), ground cinnamon bark (80 µg/mL), ground gentian root (80 µg/mL) All: solubilised in ethanol |
1–3: TEER ↑ after 24 h 4: TEER ↓ after 6 h, later TEER - 5: TEER - 1: CLDN-4 ↑ |
[60] |
| DON (185 µg/mL) POST (1 h) | Resveratrol (11.413 µg/mL, 12 h) | TEER ↑, translocation of non-pathogenic E. coli strain ↓, Paracellular permeability ↓, CLDN-4 ↑ | [57] |
POST—Treatment post incubation with PFA. Concentrations converted into µg/mL for comparative reasons; ↑: increasing effect; ↓: decreasing effect; -: no effect.