Table 4.
Anti-oxidative effects of PFA on IPEC-J2 cells.
| Stimulant/Incubation Time | Substance | Main Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| H2O2
(6.803 µg/mL, 24 h) PRE (24 h) |
Pectic polysaccharides from fresh Codonopsis pilosula (CPP-1) and Codonopsis tangshen (CTP-1) root (20, 10 and 5 μg/mL, 24 h) | Cell viability ↑, T-AOC ↑ Antioxidative enzymes (GSH-Px, SOD, CAT only slightly) ↑ Cellular oxidative damage products (ROS, MDA, LDH) ↓ Transcriptional factor Nrf2 ↑ |
[85] |
| H2O2
(34.015 µg/mL, 1 h) POST (12 h) |
Orthosiphon stamineus extract (extracted with aqueous ethanol, 50 µg/mL) | TEER ↑, expression ZO-1 ↑, OCLN↑, MDA ↓ | [83] |
| H2O2
(6.803 µg/mL, 24 h) |
Inulin-type fructans from fresh Codonopsis pilosula (CPPN) and Codonopsis tangshen (CTPN) radix (20, 10 and 5 μg/mL, 24 h) | Cell viability ↑; T-AOC ↑; LDH, MDA ↓; activities GSH-Px, SOD, CAT ↑ | [86] |
| H2O2
(6.803 µg/mL) POST (12 h) |
Ulva prolifera extract (mainly polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids, eluted with 70% methanol from fresh plant; 40 µg/mL) |
SOD1, SOD2, CAT ↑; activity GSH-Px1 -Transcriptional factor Nrf2 ↑, ROS ↓, mitochondrial respiration ↑ | [84] |
| 1. H2O2 (17.007 µg/mL, 1 h) 2. DSS (2%, 24 h) POST (3 h) |
Combination chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) tannin extract (50%), quebracho (Schinopsis spp.) tannin extract (50%) (dissolved in water, in vitro digested by α-amylase, HCL, pepsin, pancreatin) |
Cell viability ↑ (50–400 µg/mL) 1. Oxidative stress ↓ (1200–20 µg/mL) 2. Chemical stress ↓ (50–400 µg/mL) |
[82] |
| - | Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharide from fresh plant (200–600 µg/mL) | ROS, MAD, protein carbonyl ↓; apoptosis ↓ Activities SOD, GSH-Px ↑; CAT relative mRNA levels ↑ IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α ↑; |
[87] |
| H2O2 (500 µM, 4 h) (17.007 µg/mL, 4 h) POST (6 h) |
Resveratrol (4.565; 11.413 µg/mL) | Cell viability ↑; levels of CLDN-1, OCLN, ZO-1 ↑ Activities SOD-1, CAT, GSH-Px ↑; apoptosis, ROS↓ |
[94] |
| 1. Tunicamycin (0.5 μg/mL, 6 h) 2. H2O2 (17.007 µg/mL, 6 h) PRE |
Allicin (2.0 µg/mL) | 1. XBP-1s and IRE-1α ↑; GRP78, ATF-4, p-eIF-2α ↓; CHOP -; proliferation -; Apoptosis ↓; ROS ↓; MDA and SOD - Blockage IRE-1α (STF-083010): Reduction GRP78, ATF-4, and p-eIF-2α, ROS ↓ 2. ROS, MDA ↓, SOD ↑ |
[93] |
| H2O2 (17.007 µg/mL) POST (12 h) |
Koumine (50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) | Cell viability ↑, apoptosis ↓; ROS, MDA ↓; SOD, CAT, GSH ↑ Mitochondrial membrane potential, Bcl-2 ↑ Activities caspase-9 and -3 ↓ |
[90] |
| H2O2
(12.756–34.015 µg/mL) SIM/POST (2–20 h) |
Quercetin (1.25–5 µg/mL) | Cell viability ↑, LDH activity ↓ Apoptosis/necrosis rates changes reversed |
[92] |
| H2O2 (34.015 µg/mL, 1 h) POST (24 h) |
Java tea (Orthosiphon stamineus) root extracts (ORE), stem extracts (OSE), and leaf extracts (OLE) (extracted with aqueous ethanol, 50 μg/mL) | Cell viability ↑ ROS ↓ |
[81] |
| LPS (10 µg/mL, 6 h), H2O2 (3.401 µg/mL, 3 h) POST (18 h) |
Garlic-derived diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS): (DADS: 2.633 µg/mL/DATS: 3.21 µg/mL) |
Catalase activity ↑ | [73] |
| H2O2 (0.5 or 1 mM, 1 h) (17.007 or 34.0145 µg/mL, 1 h) POST (18 h) |
1. Rosmarinic acid (4.504–576.496 µg/mL)2. Quercetin (7.556–241.789 µg/mL) | Cell viability ↑ (1. 50–400 µM; 2. 12.5–200 µM) ROS ↓ (1. 200–600 µM; 2. 25–800 µM) Paracellular permeability ↓, TEER partially ↑ |
[91] |
PRE—Treatment prior to incubation with PFA; POST—Treatment post incubation with PFA, SIM—Simultaneous treatment. Concentrations converted into µg/mL for comparative reasons; ↑: increasing effect; ↓: decreasing effect; -: no effect.