Table 2.
Resistance exercise and kidney diseases.
| Author, Year | Country | Sample Size | Age (Years) Mean ± SD |
Duration of Dialysis (Months) Mean ± SD |
Time | CKD Stage | Duration | Frequency | Intervention | Outcomes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | C | I | C | I | C | ||||||||
| Corrêa et al. (2020) [35] |
Brazil | 30 | 25 | 66.0 ± 4.0 | 65.7 ± 3.8 | 60.7 ± 8.0 | 59.8 ± 7.7 | Intradialytic | HD | 3 months | 3 times/week | Consisted of 11 exercises with 2 weeks of familiarization; 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions with 2 min of rest between sets | Decreased ferritin, sleep efficiency improvement |
| Lopes et al. (2019) [47] | Brazil | 30 | 20 | (MLG) 56.2 ± 12.5 and 48.1 ± 10.8 (HLG) | 56.9 ± 12.4 | (MLG) 72.1 ± 50.3 and 45.7 ± 39.3 (HLG) | 53.2 ± 44.1 | Intradialytic | HD | 12 weeks | 3 times/week | Each session involved 5 exercises; exercise was performed until volitional fatigue; the duration of the sessions varied between 20 and 40 min | Increased lean leg mass; improvements in pain and physical function; prevalence of sarcopenia was reduced by 14.3% and 25%; and no change in cytokines was observed |
| Abreu et al. (2017) [49] | Brazil | 25 | 19 | 45.07 ± 15.2 | 42.5 ± 13.5 | 71.2 ± 45.5 | 70.1 ± 49.9 | Intradialytic | HD | 12 weeks | 3 times/week | Elastic bands ranged from 1.6 to 10.0 kg, and the load used in exercises performed with ankle cuffs ranged from 1.0 to 12.0 kg; intensity set at 60% of 1RM, since CKD patients are mostly debilitated | Resistance exercises are able to induce Nrf2 activation in CKD patients on HD |
| Bennett et al. (2016) [53] | Australia | 171 | - | 68.1 (12.6) | - | 44 (26.0–85.5) | - | Intradialytic | HD | 12 to 36 weeks | 2 times/week | Two sets of 15–20 repetitions for each exercise; the resistance exercises were made progressively harder using different color-graded elastic bands; training consisted of six lower- and upper-body resistance exercises | Exercise training led to significant improvements in physical function as measured by STS and TUG |
| Chan et al. (2016) [48] | Australia | 22 | - | In total 71.3 6 11.0 |
In total 24 (15–56) |
Intradialytic | HD | 26 weeks | 2 times/week | 2 upper-body and 3 lower-body exercises, unilaterally and bilaterally, both before and during dialysis, with loads of 2.5 to 59 kg | Lower body strength and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) subscales significantly increased and a trend toward reduced depression was noted | ||
RT—resistance training; HD—hemodialysis.