Table 2.
Antimicrobial and antiparasitic activity of different Juniperus communis extracts.
| Part of the Plant | Origin | Subspecies/Variety | Method | Inhibited Species | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial activity | |||||
| Essential oils | |||||
| Berries | Poland | n.s. | Disc diffusion | Staphyllococcus aureus, Serratia marcenscens, Enterobacter cloace, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Candida albicans | [89] |
| Needles | Portugal | var. alpina | MIC and MLC | Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, T. rubrum, and T. verrucosum | [90] |
| Needles and berries | Italy | var. communis | MIC | C. albicans, S. aureus, and P. aeuroginosa | [91] |
| Plant material (leaves and stems) | Iran | n.s. | Disc diffusion | S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli | [36] |
| Berries | Slovenia | n.s. | Biofims assay | Campylobacter jejuni, L. monocytogenes | [96] |
| Plant material (undifferentiated) | Slovenia | n.s. | Disc diffusion | S. aureus and C. albicans | [92] |
| Berries | Spain | n.s. | MIC | E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and Morganella morganii, MRSA, and L. monocytogenes | [75] |
| Berries | Portugal | n.s. | MIC and MLC | B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. aerogenes, E. faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. albicans | [81] |
| Leaves | Croatia | n.s. | Disc diffusion, MIC, and MLC | 16 species of bacteria and 14 species of fungus | [26] |
| Berries | Serbia | n.s. | Disc diffusion, MIC, MLC, and in vivo adhesion assay | S. aureus, MRSA, E. faecalis, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. flexneri, S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. ochraceus, A. niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, P. ochrochloron, and P. verrucosum var. cyclopium | [93] |
| Plant material (leaves and branches) | Egypt | n.s. | MIC | S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans | [94] |
| Plant material | Croatia | n.s. | MIC and biofilm assay | Mycobacterium avium, M. intracellulare, and M. gordonae | [97,98] |
| Phenolic-rich extracts | |||||
| Berries | Slovenia | n.s. | Biofilms assay | C. jejuni, L. monocytogenes | [96] |
| Plant material | Italy | n.s. | Disc diffusion and MIC | Actinomyces viscosus, Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and general oral microbiota | [99] |
| Berries | Turkey | n.s. | Disc diffusion and MIC | S. epidermidis, S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans | [100] |
| Leaves | Turkey | var. communis and var. saxatilis | MIC | S. aureus | [101] |
| Leaves | Poland | n.s. | Disc diffusion |
K. pneumoniae, S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, E. faecium, S. aureus, L. fermentum, Clostridium butyricum, L. monocytogenes, B. coagulans, C. utilis, Aspergillus spp., and Fusarium spp. |
[102] |
| Stem (branches) | Italy | var. communis and var. saxatilis | Biofilm formation | S. aureus | [103] |
| Berries | Turkey | var. communis and var. saxatilis | MIC and MLC | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. hirae, B. subtilis, E. coli, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and C. parapsilosis | [70] |
| Leaves | India | n.s. | MIC | E. coli, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae | [104] |
| Antiparasitic activity | |||||
| Essential oils | |||||
| Stems and leaves | France | n.s. | Radioactive micromethod | Two different strains of Plasmodium falciparum, which were chloroquine-resistant (FcBl) and chloroquine-sensitive (Nigerian) strains | [105] |
n.s.: not specified; MIC: Minimal inhibitory concentration; MLC: Minimal lethal concentration.