. 2022 Mar 16;23(6):3197. doi: 10.3390/ijms23063197

Table 3.

In vitro and in vivo antioxidant effects of Juniperus communis extracts.

Part of the Plant	Origin	Extract	Subspecies/ Variety	Experimental Model	Effect	References
In vitro assay
Berries	Romania	Ethanolic (50% ethanol, v/v)	n.s.	Capacity to scavenge DPPH^●	IC₅₀ value of 1.42 µg/mL	[32,40,50,61,67]
	Serbia	Ethanolic			IC₅₀ value of 28.55 µg/mL
		Ethyl acetate			IC₅₀ value of 106.44 µg/mL
		Chloroform			IC₅₀ value of 257.66 µg/mL
	Poland	Methanolic (70%, methanol v/v)			IC₅₀ values from 6.86 to 13.66 µg/L
	Poland	Essential oils			IC₅₀ varying from 1.27 to 4.25 µg/L
	Turkey	Methanolic	var. saxatilis		IC₅₀ value of 1.84 mg/mL
		Methanolic	var. communis		IC₅₀ value of 0.63 mg/mL
		Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 33.25, 34.27, and 36.26% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
		Aqueous	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 48.40, 63.29, and 82.03% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Poland	Methanolic (70% methanol, v/v)	n.s.	Reducing power potential	Values ranging 6.90 and 10.70 mM FeSO₄ × 7H₂O	[61,63,67,70]
	Poland	Essential oils	n.s.		Values ranging from 0.47 and 1.11 mM FeSO₄ × 7H₂O
	Turkey	Methanolic	var. communis		IC₅₀ value of 12.82 mg/mL
			var. communis		12.82 ascorbic acid equivalent/mL
			var. saxatilis		IC₅₀ value of 64.14 mg/mL
			var. saxatilis		64.14 ascorbic acid equivalent//mL
		Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 0.083, 0.095, and 0.203% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
		Aqueous	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 0.424, 0.689, and 1.371% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Poland	Methanolic (70% methanol, v/v)	n.s.	β-carotene bleaching test	β-carotene inhibitory potential varying from 24.36 to 30.63%	[63]
	Poland	Essential oils	n.s.	β-carotene bleaching test	β-carotene inhibitory potential varying from 1.19 to 2.39%	[63]
	Turkey	Methanolic	var. saxatilis	Protect liposomes from lipid peroxidation	IC₅₀ value of 120.07 µg/mL	[70]
	Turkey	Methanolic	var. communis	Protect liposomes from lipid peroxidation	IC₅₀ value of 4.44 µg/mL	[70]
	Turkey	Methanolic	var. saxatilis	Ferrous ion (Fe²⁺)-chelating activity	Chelating ability around 30% at 2 mg/mL	[32,61,69]
		Methanolic	var. communis		Chelating ability around 15% at 2 mg/mL
		Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 4.88, 14.86, and 32.82% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
		Aqueous	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentage of 0.83% at 2 mg/mL
	Canada	Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. communis	Capacity to scavenge peroxyl radicals	3876 µM Trolox equivalents at 1 mg/mL	[32,66]
	n.s.	Essential oil	n.s.	Capacity to scavenge ABTS^•+ species	IC₅₀ value of 10.96 µg/mL
	Turkey	Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. saxatilis	Capacity to scavenge ABTS^•+ species	Inhibitory percentages of 42.5%, respectively at 3 mg/mL
	n.s.	Essential oil	n.s.	Capacity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals	IC₅₀ value of 0.0066 µg/mL	[32]
	n.s.	Essential oil	n.s.	Capacity to scavenge superoxide anions	IC₅₀ of 0.822 µg/mL	[32,61]
	Turkey	Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 20.07, 21.97, and 17.80% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Turkey	Aqueous	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 5.49, 10.61, and 11.17% at 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/mL, respectively
Crushed berries	Slovakia	Ethanolic (70% ethanol, v/v)	n.s.	Capacity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals	Inhibitory values varying from 65.59 to 88.12% (recalculated by dry matter (DM), from 3.06 to 5.75%/g DM)	[67]
Noncrushed berries	Slovakia	Ethanolic (70% ethanol, v/v)	n.s.	Capacity to scavenge hydroxyl radicals	Inhibitory values varying from 15.52 and 32.85% (recalculated by dry matter (DM), from 1.20 to 20.05%/g DM) for	[67]
Unripe berries	Turkey	Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. alpina	Capacity to scavenge superoxide anions	Inhibitory percentages of 14.58, 10.99, and 18.37% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively	[61]
				Capacity to scavenge DPPH^●	Inhibitory percentages of 46.21, 57.32, and 73.75% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively	[32,61]
				Capacity to chelate metals	Inhibitory percentages of 6.32, 5.04, and 16.59% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively	[61]
				Ferric-reducing antioxidant power	Inhibitory percentages of 0.288, 0.504, and 0.855% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively	[61]
Leaves	India	Ethanolic (70% ethanol, v/v)	n.s.	Capacity to scavenge DPPH^●	IC₅₀ value of 213 µg/mL	[60,61,65,79,107]
		Aqueous	var. communis		IC₅₀ value of 347 µg/mL
		Ethyl acetate	var. communis		IC₅₀ value of 177 µg/mL
	Turkey	Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 66.62, 83.06, and 91.40% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Turkey	Aqueous	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 34.92, 35.56, and 37.29% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Bulgaria	Methanolic (80% methanol, v/v)	var. Oblonga Pendula		IC₅₀ value of 258 µg/mL
	Serbia	Essential oil	var. communis		IC₅₀ value of 660 µg/mL
	Serbia	Essential oil	var. saxatilis	Potential to chelate metals	IC₅₀ value of 320 µg/mL	[61,107]
	India	Ethyl acetate	var. communis		IC₅₀ value of 261 µg/ mL
	Turkey	Acetate	n.s.		Inhibitory effect of 6.05% at 1 mg/mL
	Turkey	Aqueous	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 9.06, 12.39, and 38.40% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Turkey	Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. alpina	Capacity to scavenge superoxide anions	Inhibitory percentages of 20.26, 25.00, and 25.38% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively	[61,71]
	Turkey	Ethanolic (80%, ethanol v/v)	var. alpina	Ferric-reducing antioxidant power	Inhibitory percentages of 0.681, 1.278, and 1.971% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Turkey	Aqueous	var. alpina		Inhibitory percentages of 0.121, 0.120, and 0.154% at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL, respectively
	Serbia	Distilled extracts	var. saxatilis		Reduction capacity of 78.77 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per g of dry matter
	Serbia	Distilled extracts	var. saxatilis	Lipid-peroxidation inhibitory potential	IC₅₀ value of 540 µg/mL	[71]
	Serbia	Essential oils	var. saxatilis	Lipid-peroxidation inhibitory potential	IC₅₀ value of 2440 µg/mL	[71]
	Turkey	Ethanolic (80% ethanol, v/v)	var. saxatilis	Capacity to scavenge ABTS^•+ species	Inhibitory percentage of 99.5 at 3 mg/mL	[66]
Shoots	Poland	Crude extract	n.s.	Antioxidant-enzyme activity and reactive oxygen species in vitro assays	↑↑ the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase ↓↓ reactive oxygen species	[56]
	Turkey	Acetone	n.s.	Capacity to chelate metals	Inhibitory percentage of 6.05% at 1 mg/mL	[107]
		Ethyl acetate			Inhibitory percentage of 22.59 at 1 mg/mL
		Ethanolic (75% ethanol, v/v)			Inhibitory percentage of 12.31% at 1 mg/mL
Twigs	Spain	Essential oil	n.s.	Peroxy-radical-induced oxidation inhibition	120 µmol Trolox/gram of essential oil	[53]
Hops	Australia	Ethanolic (30% ethanol, v/v)	n.s.	Ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power	4.17 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per g	[68]
				Capacity to scavenge DPPH^●	9.26 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per g
				Capacity to scavenge ABTS^•+ species	49.54 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per g
Plant material (twigs, leaves, and berries)	Spain	Essential oil	n.s.	Reducing power assay	IC₅₀ values from 135 to 970 µg/mL	[75]
Plant material (twigs, leaves, and berries)	Spain	Essential oil	n.s.	Inhibition of oxidation process	IC₅₀ values from 324.76 to 1563.29 µg/mL	[75]
In vivo assay
Leaves	India	Methanolic	n.s.	Effects on Wistar rats with induced Parkinson’s disease by chlorpromazine for 21 days at a dose of 200 mg/kg	↑↑ in reduced glutathione ↓↓ levels of TBARS	[19]
Leaves	Romania	Essential oil	n.s.	Effects of juniper volatile oil (1% and 3%) daily inhalation on Amyloid Beta (1–42)-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats	↑↑ superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, and glutathione peroxidase activity	[85]

n.s.: not specified; IC50: half-maximal inhibitory concentration; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, DPPH^●: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical; ABTS^•+: 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; ↑↑: increase; ↓↓: reduction.