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. 2022 Feb 26;14(3):478. doi: 10.3390/v14030478

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Restriction factors acting along the HIV-1 assembly pathway. On the left is pictured the unrestricted assembly of particles with fully cleaved Env. GBP5 and MARCH8 act to reduce particle infectivity through effects on Env, with a reduction in furin-mediated cleavage (GBP5) or disruption of Env trafficking and incorporation (MARCH8). PSGL-1 reduces Env incorporation but also reduces attachment to target cells. IQGAP1 binds to Gag and modulates particle formation, with reduced production of particles upon overexpression. Tetherin acts to prevent the release of fully formed particles, forming a physical tether to the PM and also acting as an innate immune sensor to stimulate signaling leading to NF-κB activation.