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. 2022 Mar 23;221(4):e202202026. doi: 10.1083/jcb.202202026

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© 2022 Bezzi

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Figure 1. — Human brain organoid system developed by Cvetkovic et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are differentiated into chemogenetic astrocytes (i.e., Astrostim) expressing modified human M3 muscarinic Gq protein-coupled (hM3Dq) receptors and into optogenetic neurons (i.e., Optoneurons) harboring Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2). The generation of multi-cellular sphere co-cultures of Optoneurons and Astrostims allows for dual specific modulation of calcium responses in astrocytes upon application of clozapine-N-oxidase (CNO) and for an increase in neuronal activity upon light stimulation.