Skip to main content
. 2022 Mar 20;23(6):3362. doi: 10.3390/ijms23063362

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(A) Materials and nanostructures of oral insulin delivery systems. (B) The physiological absorption barrier of oral administration of insulin. (a) Destruction by gastric acid. (b) Degradation by digestive enzyme. (c) Retention by the mucus layer barrier. (d) Retardation by intestinal epithelial cell layer.