Figure 3.

Nano- and microplastics in the environment. Several sources contribute to plastic contamination of fresh and salt water. Primary MP particles are designed for commercial use and encountered in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. In contrast, secondary MP plastic particles progressively emerge with plastic fragmentation under the influence of environmental conditions. UV radiation, mechanical forces, biological degradation, and embrittlement result in the formation of NP and MP particles, which are ingested by marine zooplankton and consequently enter the marine and human food chain. Microplastic contamination was evidenced in seafood, drinking water, and other foodstuff. However, the impacts of ingested plastic particles on human health are not yet understood.