Table 2.

Effects of sham smoking on hemodynamic parameters and on sympathetic activity.

Parameter	Baseline	Sham Smoking Phase 1	Sham Smoking Phase 2	p
Systolic BP (mmHg)	114 ± 5	113 ± 4	112 ± 5	0.135
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	65 ± 3	66 ± 3	64 ± 3	0.094
Heart rate (bpm)	63 ± 4	64 ± 5	64 ± 5	0.041
MAP (mmHg)	84 ± 3	82 ± 3	80 ± 3	0.001
MSNA (bursts/min)	24 ± 2	23 ± 2	23 ± 3	0.023
SSNA (bursts/min)	15 ± 2	14 ± 2	15 ± 3	0.076

BP, blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MSNA, muscle sympathetic nerve activity; SSNA, skin sympathetic nerve activity. p-values for differences within a session were obtained by post hoc tests (planned contrasts). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). All tests were two-sided and p < 0.002 was considered significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.