Table 1.

Nasal nanovaccines information in COVID-19.

Nasal Candidate Nanovaccines	NPs	Types of NPs	Developers	Functions
A DNA nanovaccine, modified vaccinia ankara expressing SARS-CoV-2 S and N antigens and based with quil-A-loaded chitosan (QAC) [63]	Quil-A-loaded chitosan (QAC)	Polysaccharide	Shaswath et al.	Protection of plasmid integrity and as a adjuvant
A SARS-CoV-2 spike ferritin nanoparticle vaccine (NCT04784767) [68]	Ferritin and Army Liposomal Formulation QS21 (SpFN-ALFQ)	Self-assembled proteins	Kathryn et al.	Enhanced cellular uptake of ferritin and lipidosome NPs, and protection of antigens by liposomes
A Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) agonist-based intranasal nanovaccine [69]	inulin acetate (InAc)	Polysaccharide	Kathryn et al.	As toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) agonist
A inhalable nanovaccine with biomimetic coronavirus structure [70]	poly(I:C) and biomimetic pulmonary surfactant (bio-PS) liposomes	Nano-biomimetic delivery vehicles	Bin Zheng et al.	Completely simulate the structure of the coronavirus