Table 6.
Effects of selected G4 ligands on G4s and iMs, and their potential applications.
| Ligand (Chemotype) | Effect on G4 | Effect on iM | Potential Application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berberine | Stabilization (DNA G4) |
Low and unspecific interaction | Anticancer drug | [270,278,281,282,283] |
| Berb8 (berberine) | Stabilization (DNA G4) |
- | Anticancer drug | [274] |
| SYUIQ-5 (indolo[3,2-b]quinoline) | Stabilization (DNA G4) |
- | Anticancer drug | [290] |
| IQb2 (indolo[3,2-b]quinoline) | Stabilization (DNA G4) |
- | Anticancer drug | [94] |
| IQc3d (indolo[3,2-c]quinoline) | Stabilization (DNA and RNA G4) |
- | Anticancer drug | [297] |
|
BRACO-19 (acridine) |
Stabilization (DNA G4) |
Destabilization | Anticancer drug | [282,299,301] |
|
PhenDC3 (Phenanthroline) |
Stabilization (DNA G4) |
Destabilization | Anticancer drug G4 probe |
[282] |
|
Nitidine (Benzophenanthridine) |
Stabilization (DNA G4) |
Destabilization | Anticancer drug | [108] |
| 3,3-L2H2-6OTD (oxazole-based) | Stabilization (DNA G4) |
- | Anticancer drug | [305] |
|
L1BOD-7OTD (oxazole-based) |
Stabilization (DNA G4) |
- | Fluorescent probe | [307] |
|
L2H2-4OTD (oxazole-based) |
Low stabilization (DNA G4) |
Stabilization | - | [107] |
|
TMPyP4 (porphyrine) |
Stabilization/destabilization (DNA G4) Destabilization (RNA G4) |
Promotion and stabilization | Low potential application due to its low selectivity to quadruplexes | [308,313,318,319,320,321,322] |
| pyridostatin | Stabilization (DNA G4) |
No effect | G4 probe | [282] |
|
CarboxyPDS (pyridostatin) |
Stabilization (RNA G4) |
- | Anticancer drug | [59] |
| TA17 (Terpyridine) | Stabilization at 1 µM (DNA G4) Destabilization at >10 µM (c-KIT2 G4) |
- | Anticancer drug | [324,325] |
| PB1 (pyridine dicarboxamide) | Low stabilization | Induction and stabilization | Therapeutic agent | [110] |
| PB2 (pyridine dicarboxamide) | Induction and stabilization (DNA G4) |
Low stabilization | Anticancer drug | [110] |
| ICM-48 (steroid) | - | Stabilization | Therapeutic agent | [280] |
| ICM-76 (steroid) | - | Destabilization | Anticancer drug | [280] |
| B19 (acridone) | No interaction | Stabilization | Anticancer drug | [109] |
| STI (stilbene) | Regulates the folding/unfolding of the telomeric G4 in a photoresponsive manner | - | In nanodevices | [327] |
|
PhpC (pyrrolopyrimidine) |
Destabilization | - | Therapeutic agent | [329] |