Table 1.
Baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.
| Variables | Controls (n = 50) |
Asymptomatic AS Group (n = 170) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical variables | |||
| Age ± SD, years | 71.1 ± 4.7 | 69.3 ± 13.4 | 0.358 |
| Male, gender n (%) | 25 (50) | 102 (60) | 0.135 |
| BMI ± SD, kg/m2 | 25.5 ± 3.4 | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 0.135 |
| BSA ± SD, m2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.075 |
| Systolic arterial pressure ± SD, mmHg | 128 ± 11 | 136 ± 18 | 0.013 |
| Diastolic arterial pressure ± SD, mmHg | 77 ± 8 | 73 ± 10 | 0.004 |
| Loge-transformed BNP ± SD | - | 4.3 ± 1.3 | - |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | - | 39 (23) | - |
| Hypertension, n (%) | - | 112 (66) | - |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | - | 106 (62) | - |
| Current smoking, n (%) | - | 29 (17) | - |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | - | 19 (11) | - |
| Previous PCI, n (%) | - | 15 (9) | - |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | - | 40 (23) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | - | 6 (4) | - |
| LV dimensions and geometry | |||
| Interventricular septum ± SD, mm | 9.6 ± 1.2 | 12.4 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
| LV posterior wall ± SD, mm | 9.8 ± 2.0 | 10.6 ± 1.6 | 0.004 |
| LV end-diastolic diameter ± SD, mm | 42.7 ± 5.3 | 45.4 ± 5.9 | 0.005 |
| LV end-systolic diameter ± SD, mm | 29.3 ± 5.1 | 29.9 ± 5.8 | 0.535 |
| LV mass indexed ± SD, g/m2 | 76.8 ± 20.2 | 103.9 ± 26.4 | <0.001 |
| Relative wall thickness ± SD | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 0.47 ± 0.09 | 0.514 |
| Aortic valve severity | |||
| Mean Pressure Gradient ± SD, mmHg | - | 37.3 ± 14.6 | - |
| Peak aortic Velocity ± SD, m/s | - | 3.8 ± 0.7 | - |
| Aortic Valve Area ± SD, cm2 | - | 1.02 ± 0.35 | - |
| Indexed aortic valve area ± SD, cm2/m2 | - | 0.55 ± 0.18 | - |
| Indexed Stroke Volume ± SD, mL/m2 | - | 48.0 ± 11.3 | - |
| Zva ± SD, mmHg/mL/m2 | - | 3.8 ± 1.0 | - |
| LV systolic and diastolic function | |||
| LV end-diastolic volume ± SD, mL | 83.0 ± 24.3 | 93.5 ± 34.2 | 0.065 |
| LV end-systolic volume ± SD, mL | 30.2 ± 10.4 | 36.3 ± 16.7 | 0.025 |
| LV EF ± SD, % | 64 ± 5 | 62 ± 6 | 0.130 |
| GLS ± SD, % | −20.7 ± 2.1 | −18.7 ± 2.8 | 0.014 |
| Indexed LA volume ± SD, mL/m2 | 26.5 ± 8.6 | 34.8 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
| Mitral E/A ratio ± SD | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.740 |
| E/e’ ± SD, average | 7.4 ± 1.8 | 11.9 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| TTPG ± SD, mmHg | 17.0 ± 8.9 | 26.3 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| TAPSE ± SD, mm | 22.8 ± 3.2 | 22.5 ± 3.9 | 0.601 |
| S’ ± SD, cm/s | 13.6 ± 3.0 | 12.6 ± 2.8 | 0.048 |
| Right atrial volume ± SD, mL | 32.7 ± 10.8 | 38.7 ± 16.4 | 0.017 |
| Myocardial work | |||
| GWI ± SD, mmHg% | 2005 ± 302 | 2528 ± 521 | <0.001 |
| GCW ± SD, mmHg% | 2360 ± 353 | 2948 ± 598 | <0.001 |
| GWW ± SD, mmHg% | 90 ± 49 | 139± 110 | 0.005 |
| GWE ± SD, % | 96 ± 2 | 95 ± 4 | 0.171 |
Values are n (%) or mean ± SD. BMI = body mass index; BSA = body surface area; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; EF = ejection fraction; GLS = global longitudinal strain; GWI = global work index; GCW = global constructive work; GWW = global wasted work; GWE = global work efficiency; LA = left atrial; LV = left ventricle; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; SD = standard deviation; TTPG = trans-tricuspid pressure gradient; Zva = Valvulo-arterial impedance.