Table 2.
Comparison of clinical findings and the expression of pain-related molecules between the spinal instability (+) and (−) groups.
| Instability (−) N = 16 | Instability (+) N = 19 | p Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| LBPVAS | 5.400 | 3.522 | 6.970 | 2.265 | 0.675 |
| L/EPVAS | 6.720 | 3.425 | 7.320 | 2.190 | 0.009 |
| L/ENVAS | 5.470 | 3.079 | 6.330 | 3.061 | 0.017 |
| ODI | 57.587 | 16.994 | 50.830 | 12.645 | 0.011 |
| TNF | 0.00140 | 0.00263 | 0.00080 | 0.00116 | 0.910 |
| IL6 | 0.00010 | 0.00010 | 0.00010 | 0.00008 | 0.089 |
| CGRP | 0.00080 | 0.00067 | 0.00150 | 0.00278 | 0.251 |
| NGF | 0.03700 | 0.09173 | 0.02440 | 0.05327 | 0.858 |
| mPGES1 | 0.01030 | 0.00687 | 0.03160 | 0.04043 | 0.418 |
LBP: low back pain, VAS: visual analogue scale, L/EP: pain in the lower extremity, L/EN: numbness in the lower extremity, ODI: Oswestry Disability Index, TNFA: tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6: interleukin-6, CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide, NGF: nerve growth factor, mPGES1: microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1.